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Showing 349–360 of 380 results

  • The World 1950

    The World 1950

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    The World 1950

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    After World War II, the USA and Soviet Union were the foremost military powers. Israel was established in 1948 by partitioning Britain’s former Palestinian mandates. Britain’s empire was shrinking, especially after Indian independence in 1948; in 1950, the British were on the verge of losing Sudan, which Egypt claimed as... More
  • The World 250 CE

    The World 250 CE

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    The World 250 CE

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    The mid-3rd century was a period of crisis for the world’s empires. The Han dynasty in China had disintegrated, leaving the empire split into three kingdoms, and wracked by civil war; in India, the Satavahana kingdom fragmented in the 230s while, in the same decade, the Parthians would be supplanted... More
  • The Zollverein in Germany 1834–66

    The Zollverein in Germany 1834–66

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    The Zollverein in Germany 1834–66

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    By 1828 three competing customs unions had been established, comprising, collectively, the bulk of the states of the German Confederation, the most notable exception being the territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although theoretically equivalent, the Prussian-controlled northern union clearly dominated, and when it formed a commercial alliance with the southern... More
  • Treaty of Mersen 870

    Treaty of Mersen 870

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    Treaty of Mersen 870

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    Concluded at Mersen (Meerssen) in Holland in August 870, this was a treaty between Charles the Bald and his half-brother Louis the German, which divided the kingdom of Lotharingia, ruled by their nephew Lothair II, who had died the previous year, between them. The two realms were divided by the... More
  • Treaty of Prüm 855

    Treaty of Prüm 855

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    Treaty of Prüm 855

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    This was the second of three treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire and followed the Treaty of Verdun (843). The Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I had already seen the domain of his father, Louis the Pious, divided between himself and his two younger brothers, Louis the German and Charles the... More
  • Treaty of Ribemont 880

    Treaty of Ribemont 880

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    Treaty of Ribemont 880

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    In 879 the German king Louis the Younger, encouraged by the Bishop of Paris, had invaded West Francia, reaching as far as Verdun, but retreated after his nephews, King Louis II of France and Carloman III of France had given their share of Lotharingia (Lorraine) to him. The Treaty of... More
  • Treaty of Verdun 843

    Treaty of Verdun 843

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    Treaty of Verdun 843

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    Following the death Charlemagne’s son, Louis I, the Carolingian Empire was split between his three sons in keeping with the method of succession of the Old Frankish Kingdoms. Lothair, the eldest son, had attempted to claim sole leadership of the empire upon the death of his father who left him... More
  • Trieste and Istria 1866–1918

    Trieste and Istria 1866–1918

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    Trieste and Istria 1866–1918

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    In 1867, the Austrian Empire enacted a reform known as the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. This established separate parliaments and administrative operations for the historic kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire, whilst both remained unified under a single head of state as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.... More
  • Trieste and Istria 1920–54

    Trieste and Istria 1920–54

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    Trieste and Istria 1920–54

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    Austria-Hungary collapsed into numerous separate states after its defeat in World War I. Much of the area formerly known as the Austrian Littoral was annexed to Italy in 1920 following negotiations under the Treaty of Rapallo, and renamed the Julian March. As a result, many Slavs, Germans and Hungarians who... More
  • Trouble on the Texas Border 1846

    Trouble on the Texas Border 1846

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    Trouble on the Texas Border 1846

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    The term ‘Manifest destiny’ was coined on the occasion of the annexation of Texas (1845). While never official policy, President Polk certainly scented the opportunity to expand from Texas to the Pacific, at the expense of a newly independent Mexican state enfeebled by Comanche and Apache wars. The pretext was... More
  • Ulster’s Troubles 1970s–90s

    Ulster’s Troubles 1970s–90s

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    Ulster’s Troubles 1970s–90s

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    The Protestant Unionist party effectively controlled the political system in Ulster After Irish Independence (1922). The large Catholic minority were excluded by ‘gerrymandering’ of electoral constituencies and suffered discrimination in employment and housing. The police force, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, was heavily Protestant. The Bogside Riots (1969) by Catholics against... More
  • Unification of Italy 1859–70

    Unification of Italy 1859–70

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    Unification of Italy 1859–70

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    As with Germany, Italian nationalism was incubated under Napoleonic rule. The Carbonari, an aristocratic secret society, spread insurrection with foreign aid, while Mazzini’s Young Italy movement was grassroots and republican. Rebellions in 1848 were quickly snuffed out, but in 1859 the kingdom of Sardinia annexed Lombardy from the Austrians after... More