Legislation

Showing 61–72 of 87 results

The Helvetian Republic 1798–1803
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The Helvetian Republic 1798–1803
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In 1798 the armies of the French republic overran Switzerland, seeking to promulgate their revolutionary ideas and to liberate the Swiss from a system of government that they perceived as feudal. In 1799 French troops marched into Fricktal, proclaiming it a new independent canton. The Swiss, especially in the more... More
The Ludlow Amendment 10 January 1938
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The Ludlow Amendment 10 January 1938
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The Ludlow Amendment proposed ‘Except in the event of an invasion of the United States…authority of Congress to declare war shall not become effective until confirmed in a Nationwide Referendum’. President Roosevelt was adamantly opposed, maintaining it would ‘cripple any president in his conduct of foreign affairs’. In 1930s America,... More
The March of Prohibition 1913
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The March of Prohibition 1913
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Wayne Wheeler, founder of the Anti-Saloon League (1893), coined the term ‘pressure group’, and no-one since has applied the method more effectively. Described as a ‘locomotive in trousers’, he understood that, by remaining non-partisan, he could use the prohibitionist bloc vote to swing tight elections for county and state legislatures.... More
The March of Prohibition January 1904
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The March of Prohibition January 1904
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The Temperance Movement in America had its roots in the 18th century. Benjamin Rush, a Founding Father of the Republic, designed a ‘Moral and Physical Thermometer’ illustrating the degeneration associated with excessive alcohol intake. Protestant reformist groups increasingly espoused the cause; their pleas for moderation evolved into a call for... More
The Ohio Country 1790–1803
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The Ohio Country 1790–1803
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1n 1787 Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance, which established the boundaries of the different areas within the northwestern territories. These included Michigan Territory, Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio. In 1802, the Ohio Enabling Act called for Ohio to be admitted into the United States of America. There had been a long-running... More
The Oligarchs’ Inheritance – Natural Resources of the CIS
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The Oligarchs’ Inheritance – Natural Resources of the CIS
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Although aspects of capitalist policy were introduced under Gorbachev’s perestroika reforms in the late 1980s, large-scale privatization of Russia’s state-owned businesses did not take off until 1992. Russia initially pursued a process of voucher privatization, whereby all citizens received vouchers that could be used to obtain shares. Russia and much... More
The Pale 1488
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The Pale 1488
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The Pale was defined by an Act of Parliament (1488), setting out the (much reduced) area of Ireland still effectively under the direct control of the English king. ‘Beyond the Pale’, the rule of Ireland was effectively parcelled out between resurgent Gaelic chieftains and the largely autonomous Hiberno-Norman earldoms. But... More
The Québec Act 1774
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The Québec Act 1774
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In 1774, the British Parliament signed the Québec Act, which outlined new legislative structures and territorial boundaries for the territory of Québec. Québec was the former French territory of New France, which had been ceded to Britain under the 1763 Treaty of Paris following the Seven Years’ War. The act... More
The Québec Act 1774
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The Québec Act 1774
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After victory in the Seven Years’ War, the British gained possession from France of vast Canadian territories together with the western hinterlands of their American colonies. In the aftermath of the war, those American colonies became increasingly alienated by the British government’s attempt to recoup its war debts by ‘taxation... More
The Right to Vote in the USA 1958–1967
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The Right to Vote in the USA 1958–1967
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The Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution (1870) asserts a citizen’s right to ‘vote... cannot be denied… on account of race, colour or previous condition of servitude’. Almost a century later, this was still ‘honoured more in the breach than the observance’ in the American South. Despite Civil Rights Acts... More
The Spread of Jim Crow Laws in the South 1890–1909
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The Spread of Jim Crow Laws in the South 1890–1909
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W.E.B Dubois wrote of the post-Reconstruction South, ‘the slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun, then moved back toward slavery’. The ‘Redeemer’ Democrats enforced their monopoly of political power with batteries of laws designed to suppress black voting. In Alabama, for instance, the black electoral roll reduced... More
The Strikes from 1887–1984
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The Strikes from 1887–1984
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The railroads were the crucible for organized labour in America: before the advent of the automobile, they afforded the only sizeable workforce with the mobility to orchestrate action at a regional or national level. The Great Railroad Strike (1877) resulted in over 100 workers’ deaths through violent suppression by militias... More