Legislation

Showing 1–12 of 87 results

1784-1859 US Indian Land Cessions
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1784-1859 US Indian Land Cessions
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Following the Revolutionary War, the American states adopted an assertive stance on expansion. Successive Nonintercourse Acts (1790–34) purported to protect Indian rights, with the federal government reserving the right to purchase their land. However, each act progressively shifted the territory over which those rights extended westwards. Meanwhile, a blizzard of... More
Abortion Rates in the USA 1992
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Abortion Rates in the USA 1992
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Until the landmark Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision (1973) overturned laws against abortion, it was illegal in 30 states, and only permissible in special circumstances in 16 others. It remains a hotly contested issue; public opinion overall tends to be roughly evenly divided, with passionate ‘pro-life’ and ‘pro-choice’ camps.... More
Afghanistan Regions 2005
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Afghanistan Regions 2005
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Following Operation Enduring Freedom, conducted by the US, with assistance from numerous other countries and the UN International Security Assistance Force, the influence and violent interventions of the Taliban were gradually eradicated. Afghanistan was able to hold its first direct presidential election on 9 October 2004, ushering in Hamid Karzai... More
American World War II Industry and Relocation 1941–45
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American World War II Industry and Relocation 1941–45
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After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, President Roosevelt stated America should become the ‘arsenal of democracy’ and US factories increased productivity to support the war effort. The Manhatttan Project established major nuclear facilities in preparation for the atom bomb: Hanford in Washington extracted plutonium; while uranium... More
Amtrak Routes July 1971
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Amtrak Routes July 1971
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Congress passed the Rail Passenger Service Act in 1970, and established the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (NRCP). This was a public-private profit-making entity that received government funding to provide a centralized intercity passenger rail service. Privately operated passenger lines were encouraged to become part of the NRCP and 20 systems... More
Australia Settlements up to 1950
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Australia Settlements up to 1950
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The 1860s and 1870s were the heyday of the Australian bushrangers, from Captain Thunderbolt to Ned Kelly. They embodied a rambunctious anti-authoritarianism that would be expressed lawfully in the power of the labour unions during the prosperity of the Great Boom. Fed by exports of wool, wheat and minerals to... More
Black Soldiers in the Union Army 1862–65
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Black Soldiers in the Union Army 1862–65
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On 17 July 1862, the US Congress reversed the 1792 Federal law that banned black men from the US military. Called the ‘Second Confiscation and Militia Act’, it was followed by an energetic recruitment campaign, with the first black regiments filled by volunteers from Massachusetts, Tennessee and South Carolina. Initially,... More
Black Voter Registration 1958 and 1965
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Black Voter Registration 1958 and 1965
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In 1957 in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1,000 paratroops from the ‘Screaming Eagles’ 101st Airborne Division and 10,000 National Guard were deployed to enable nine black schoolchildren to attend a previously all-white school. Captured on television, the episode provoked a shocked President Eisenhower – no natural reformer – to promulgate the... More
Catholic Emancipation and Repeal in Ireland 1824–43
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Catholic Emancipation and Repeal in Ireland 1824–43
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The Irish statesman Daniel O’ Connell (1775–1847) was a pioneer of the political mass-movement, which he engaged first to achieve Catholic Emancipation (1829), then in pursuit of repeal of the Act of Union. He was abetted by Thomas Wyse, who established Liberal Clubs to activate the support of the Catholic... More
Civil Aviation 1918–30
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Civil Aviation 1918–30
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From the Wright Brothers’ first successful flight in 1903, early American aviation was initially unregulated. In 1915, the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics was established to promote and coordinate research and development in the field. US involvement in World War I stimulated aviation manufacturing and technology. In 1918, the Post... More
Conrail in the early 1980s
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Conrail in the early 1980s
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In order to restore the bankrupt northeastern railroad system, and to sustain the transit of freight and passengers by rail, the government passed the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1974 (the ‘3R Act’) and created the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail). Conrail was to be a government-funded private operator, which was... More
Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies in USSR 1930s
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Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies in USSR 1930s
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The gulag labour camps and colonies were founded in 1930 and coincided with the Five Year Plans of the Russian leader, Joseph Stalin. These were industrialization and agricultural collectivization programmes designed to increase Russia’s productivity. The gulags were used as corrective labour camps for criminals and political prisoners; this included... More