City-States

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  Greece on the Eve of the Peloponnesian War 435 BCE

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  Greece on the Eve of the Peloponnesian War 435 BCE

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  The starting point of the Peloponnesian War was the expansion of Athenian power, especially as it began to extend into the Greek west and Sicily. Corinth, strategically placed on the route northwest was feeling increasingly vulnerable, and when the Athenians and Corinthians clashed diplomatically over the island of Corcyra (Corfu)... More
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  Greece under the Theban Hegemony 371–362 BCE

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  Greece under the Theban Hegemony 371–362 BCE

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  The city of Thebes, according to legend founded by King Cadmus, was located in Boeotia, the fertile region of central Greece. In 447 BCE the city of Thebes instigated the foundation of the Alliance of Boeotians, which shared a common foreign policy and defensive force. The Boeotians were allies of... More
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  Italian States 1789

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  Italian States 1789

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  Following the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) Austria was the dominant foreign power in Italy – the Papal States, the maritime republics of Venice and Genoa, and the Duchy of Savoy all remained independent. The power of the Papal States had declined after the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, when the... More
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  Kingdoms of the Diadochi 200 BCE

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  Kingdoms of the Diadochi 200 BCE

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  The Diadochi (literally, ‘successors’) were the military commanders and administrators who vied for supremacy over the cities and regions conquered by Alexander III ‘the Great’ of Macedon after his death in 323 BCE. By 300 BCE the empire had fragmented into four principal regions administered (from west to east) by... More
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  Palestine at the Time of Jesus 1 CE

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  Palestine at the Time of Jesus 1 CE

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  At the time of the birth of Jesus Judaea and Galilee were separate political entities. In 37 BCE the Roman client king, Herod the Great (74/73–4 BCE), was proclaimed by the Romans to be the ‘King of the Jews’ with authority over Judaea, Galilee and Samaria. During this period Herod... More
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  Renaissance Italy c. 1500

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  Renaissance Italy c. 1500

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  The early-mid 15th century saw a steady consolidation of the medieval city-states of northern Italy. In 1454, three of the most powerful states, Milan, Florence and Naples settled their territorial differences at the Peace of Lodi. There was calm until the 1490s, when Ludovico Sforza invited the armies of France,... More
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  The Middle East c. 2000 BCE

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  The Middle East c. 2000 BCE

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  At the end of the third millennium BCE, the city-state of Ur presided over most of Mesopotamia. Apart from the capital, there were important subsidiary centres at Sippar, Nippur and Isin. After the death of the ruler, Shulgi, early in the second millennium BCE, Ur fell into decline, and was... More