Alliances - Page 3 of 4 - The Map Archive

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The Campaigns of Sparta and Thebes 382–362 BCE
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The Campaigns of Sparta and Thebes 382–362 BCE
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After its decisive victory over Athens in 404 BCE, Sparta became the dominant Greek city-state. In 387 BCE, it used its dominance to force the disbandment of the Boeotian League, a Greek sovereign alliance over which Thebes had previously presided, and in 382 BCE imposed a Spartan garrison in Thebes... More
The Divided World c. 1980
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The Divided World c. 1980
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Following the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Cold War tensions escalated as the US stepped up anti-Communist military strategies under President Ronald Reagan from 1981. This marked a stark reversal of the arms reductions during the period of détente in the 1970s. In 1979 the two global superpowers, the US and... More
The Eastern Mediterranean at the time of Pericles 461–431 BCE
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The Eastern Mediterranean at the time of Pericles 461–431 BCE
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For most of the 50 years after the Persian wars, Athens enjoyed its ‘golden age’. In 461 BCE, the statesman and orator, Pericles, already an important figure in Athens, emerged as leader of Athens’ democratic party. He was also elected ‘leading general’ after establishing Athenian colonies on the Black Sea... More
The Empire on the Eve of the French Revolution 1789
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The Empire on the Eve of the French Revolution 1789
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The Holy Roman Empire was formed in 800 as a medley of independent Christian kingdoms under one ‘Holy Roman’ emperor. The empire on the eve of the French Revolution 1789 was quiescent after spending the first half of the century embroiled in conflicts with several European countries, including Spain, Poland... More
The Expansion of Rome in the East to 63 BCE
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The Expansion of Rome in the East to 63 BCE
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Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, or ‘Pompey’, belonged to the senatorial nobility and was a well-established general and politician. He was employed in the east, resettling pirates as peaceful farmers, when, in 66 BCE, Gaius Manilius, a Tribune of People, carried through a bill appointing Pompey to command the troops of the... More
The Expansion of Rome in the East to 90 BCE
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The Expansion of Rome in the East to 90 BCE
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The Roman Republic’s successful war against the Achaean League marked the end of Greek political independence, and the beginning of the end of the Hellenistic era. The Kingdom of Pergamon, the only significant remaining power in the Aegean, was generally pro-Roman, and its last king, Attalus III, bequeathed his kingdom... More
The Five Nations of the Iroquois c. 1650
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The Five Nations of the Iroquois c. 1650
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By oral tradition, the Confederacy of the Five Nations was achieved through the efforts of a prophet known as the Great Peacemaker, aided by the oratory of Hiawatha. The five nations of the southern Great Lakes region were brought together in a great ‘League of Peace’. The depiction of a... More
The Foundation of the Papal States 756–814
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The Foundation of the Papal States 756–814
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Since the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the papacy had retained substantial landholdings through the patrimony of St Peter, but continued to recognize the temporal authority of the eastern emperor in Constantinople. In the early 8th century, a rift developed over doctrinal differences and increasing imperial... More
The German Confederation 1828
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The German Confederation 1828
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If Bismarck built the German Empire, Napoleon cleared the way. Under French control, (1802–1814) the multitude of miniature principalities and enclaves strewn across the Holy Roman Empire, which was dissolved in 1806, were consolidated and eliminated. The Congress of Vienna left ‘just’ 39 states designated the German Confederation, but the... More
The Growth of NATO 1949–2023
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The Growth of NATO 1949–2023
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) came into being in April 1949, when a treaty was signed by ten western European countries from the continent’s western seaboard, from Portugal in the south to Iceland in the north, plus Canada, and, critically, the United States. The Treaty afforded a collective security... More
The Middle East c. 1960
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The Middle East c. 1960
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The Middle Eastern map changed dramatically in the early 20th century, with many countries gaining independence from the Ottomans and later from British or French control. By 1960–61, the region was comprised of independent states, many of them made wealthy by their oil production and reserves. Pan-Arabism, initiated by the... More
The Netherlands 1579–1621
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The Netherlands 1579–1621
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In 1555, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V abdicated and King Phillip II of Spain acquired the German and Spanish empires, including the Low Countries. Catholic rebellion in the Netherlands led to the persecution and execution of Protestants under the Duke of Alba and his Council of Troubles (also known... More