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Showing 13–22 of 22 results

  • Lynching by State 1889–1918

    Lynching by State 1889–1918

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    Lynching (or extrajudicial killing) was not an exclusively white against black phenomenon. In fact, the worst mass lynchings on record are of Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles (1871, 19 killed), Mexican Americans in Porvenir, Texas (1918, 18 killed) and Italian Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana (1891, 11 killed). Nevertheless, the... More
  • Red River War 1874–75

    Red River War 1874–75

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    The Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867) allocated Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche and Arapaho reservations east of the Texas Panhandle, but the industrial-scale extermination of bison by commercial hunters soon threatened them with starvation. Incited by a spiritual leader who claimed he could make them bullet-proof and invisible, some 300 Indians attacked the... More
  • The “Exodusters” 1880

    The “Exodusters” 1880

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    In the late 1870s America was in the grip of a savage and protracted depression, and, through the Compromise of 1877, southern Democrats were able to exploit a disputed Presidential election to extract a number of concessions, ending Reconstruction and occupation by Northern troops and securing the power to reverse... More
  • The Armenian Genocide 1915

    The Armenian Genocide 1915

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    On the eve of World War I, there were 2 million Armenians in the declining Ottoman Empire. By 1922, there were fewer than 400,000. In 1908 the Young Turk movement of discontented junior army officers seized power, determined to modernise and nationalise the Empire. In 1914 they entered World War... More
  • The Bighorn Campaign 1876

    The Bighorn Campaign 1876

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    By an 1868 Treaty, the Sioux were permitted to hunt in the territories to the west of their reservation in Dakota. However, when gold was discovered there in 1874, the government unilaterally rescinded this entitlement. Becoming aware the Sioux were defying their eviction, a three-pronged offensive was organized in spring... More
  • The First Emancipation 1780-1804

    The First Emancipation 1780-1804

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    While moral opposition to slavery amongst American colonists swelled during the 18th century, it would, ironically, be a sworn enemy, the British Governor of New York who would institute the first concrete measure towards emancipation. Lord Dunmore offered black slave recruits to his Ethiopian Regiment their freedom in return for... More
  • The Frontier West 1870

    The Frontier West 1870

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    By the 1840s, the traffic of stagecoaches and wagon trains on the Santa Fé Trail had reached such a volume that buffalo migration was obstructed, causing great deprivation for the Southern Plains Comanche, Kiowa and Arapaho. Understandably, the Indians retaliated: raids became so frequent that a chain of forts was... More
  • The Great Migration of African Americans

    The Great Migration of African Americans

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    After the end of the post-Civil War Reconstruction Period (1865–77), the ‘Bourbon Democrats’ monopolized political power in the South, orchestrating a systematic exclusion of blacks from the political process. This would be cemented by the introduction of ‘Jim Crow Laws’ of racial segregation. The black population in the South was... More
  • The Modoc War 1872–73

    The Modoc War 1872–73

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    Before the white man, the Modoc inhabited the Oregon-California borders, fishing for salmon and baking water-lily seed popcorn. Following the Gold Rushes, settlers began arriving in floods. The Modoc began to attack these wagon trains, killing over 60 at Bloody Point (1852). In 1864, they agreed to move to a... More
  • Wounded Knee 29 December 1890

    Wounded Knee 29 December 1890

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    Displaced from their traditional homelands, then shunted to progressively smaller and more barren reservations, the provisions of the Dawes Act (1887) were the final wrecking ball for the Indian way of life. Under the pretext of ‘assimilation’, the Indians were now to be assigned individual land allotments, abolishing communal ownership,... More