Peoples

Showing 97–108 of 131 results

The Black Population on the Eve of the American Revolution 1770
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The Black Population on the Eve of the American Revolution 1770
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In the earliest days of the colonies, the first black Africans imported were indentured, achieving their freedom by fulfilling a term of service, or by converting to Christianity. At this stage, captured Indians were more likely to be enslaved. Charles Town in the Province of Carolina was founded in 1670... More
The Celts 700–300 BCE
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The Celts 700–300 BCE
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The heartland of the Celtic Hallstatt culture was located around the Upper Danube; the first Celtic migrations were westward. Much of Gaul was occupied during the 6th century BCE, with rapid onward progress into the British Isles and Iberia. At these extremes, the regions of Celtic settlement became spatially isolated... More
The Crimea–Russian Native Speakers 2001
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The Crimea–Russian Native Speakers 2001
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Crimea has always been something of an anomaly: at the time of the formation of the Soviet Union, its majority population was Tatar. Subsequent Russian immigration meant that, by 2001, over 60 per cent of the population claimed Russian ethnicity, and 77 per cent Russian as their native language. By... More
The Decline of the Irish Language 1851
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The Decline of the Irish Language 1851
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By 1800, fluency in English was seen as essential for social advancement in Ireland. It was the language of the courts and of commerce. The opening of Maynooth Seminary near Dublin (1795) by a British government grant cemented English as the language of the Catholic clergy and thus, of education,... More
The First Emancipation 1780-1804
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The First Emancipation 1780-1804
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While moral opposition to slavery amongst American colonists swelled during the 18th century, it would, ironically, be a sworn enemy, the British Governor of New York who would institute the first concrete measure towards emancipation. Lord Dunmore offered black slave recruits to his Ethiopian Regiment their freedom in return for... More
The Frontier West 1870
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The Frontier West 1870
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By the 1840s, the traffic of stagecoaches and wagon trains on the Santa Fé Trail had reached such a volume that buffalo migration was obstructed, causing great deprivation for the Southern Plains Comanche, Kiowa and Arapaho. Understandably, the Indians retaliated: raids became so frequent that a chain of forts was... More
The Great Migration of African Americans
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The Great Migration of African Americans
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After the end of the post-Civil War Reconstruction Period (1865–77), the ‘Bourbon Democrats’ monopolized political power in the South, orchestrating a systematic exclusion of blacks from the political process. This would be cemented by the introduction of ‘Jim Crow Laws’ of racial segregation. The black population in the South was... More
The Maya 300 BCE–300 CE
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The Maya 300 BCE–300 CE
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The first civilization of Mesoamerica, the Olmecs of southern Mexico seem (like the Toltecs for the Aztecs) to have performed a cultural tutelage for the Maya, bequeathing their systems of numbering and chronology. As the Olmecs collapsed in the 4th century BCE, the Maya were beginning to urbanize in their... More
The Maya 300–1500 CE
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The Maya 300–1500 CE
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After the collapse of the pre-classic Mayan civilization, a period of around two centuries elapsed before their re-emergence. There is evidence of political interference from Teotihuacan, the powerful Mexican city-state at this time: possibly it acted as a cultural or commercial catalyst. By 600 CE, a vibrant, prosperous, competitive network... More
The Modoc War 1872–73
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The Modoc War 1872–73
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Before the white man, the Modoc inhabited the Oregon-California borders, fishing for salmon and baking water-lily seed popcorn. Following the Gold Rushes, settlers began arriving in floods. The Modoc began to attack these wagon trains, killing over 60 at Bloody Point (1852). In 1864, they agreed to move to a... More
The Near East in the Amarna Letters c. 1345–1330 BCE
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The Near East in the Amarna Letters c. 1345–1330 BCE
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The Amarna letters were clay tablets excavated from El-Amara, Pharaoh Akhenaten’s city. Spanning over 30 years and written in Akkadian, the lingua franca of the Far East, they are the correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in the occupied territories. These letters provide an abundance of information about... More
The Peopling of North America c. 16,000–10,000 BCE
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The Peopling of North America c. 16,000–10,000 BCE
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The classic theory of Paleoindian colonization of the Americas proposed migration from a heartland in Siberia across the then existing Beringian landbridge c. 15000 BP. Thereafter, according to this model, the early Paleoindians exploited an ice-free corridor in western Canada before fanning out when reaching the present day United States.... More