Peoples

Showing 25–36 of 131 results

Cultural Levels in Central and South America c. 1000 CE
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Cultural Levels in Central and South America c. 1000 CE
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The island of Marajo is ‘like a cork in the mouth of the Amazon’ and, in 1000 CE, its Arua inhabitants supported a vibrant urbanized lifestyle from pisciculture, corralling vast catches by damming floodwaters. Across the continent, the Chincha, in coastal Peru, were also fishermen, harvesting anchovy from the sea... More
Culture Areas of Mesoamerica 1000 CE
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Culture Areas of Mesoamerica 1000 CE
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The end of the first millennium was a period of transition in Mesoamerica. The Toltecs, the dominant power for two centuries, were in decline, evicted from the Yucatan peninsula by a confederation of Mayan city-states, the League of Mayapan. The Toltec capital, Tula, with a peak population of c. 60,000,... More
Deportation of Nationalities 1937–45
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Deportation of Nationalities 1937–45
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The period 1937–45 saw numerous large scale deportations of various ethnic groups within the Soviet Union. These peripheral groups were seen as threats to the wartime stability of the Soviet Union and, as a result, were mostly sent to work in Siberian gulags or to populate forced labour camps in... More
Development of Agriculture in Africa 4500–500 BCE
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Development of Agriculture in Africa 4500–500 BCE
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From about 10,500 BCE the arid post-Ice Age Sahara was slowly transformed by increased rainfall; by 3500 BCE the Sahara Desert was a fertile steppe, covered in grass and woodland. Lake Chad was created by rivers, which cascaded from surrounding mountains. The fertile soil made northern and eastern Africa one... More
Dublin c. 1725
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Dublin c. 1725
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Before the Stuart Restoration, Dublin was a miserable relict of less than 9,000 inhabitants depopulated by plague and decades of war. Thereafter, it recovered dramatically, initially under the oversight of the Duke of Ormonde, who decreed that riverside houses must face the River Liffey, preventing its use for dumping waste.... More
Dublin c. 1800
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Dublin c. 1800
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The Wide Streets Commission (1757) instigated demolition of Dublin’s narrow medieval streets, replacing them with spacious boulevards. Five major Georgian squares were created (Mountjoy and Rutland, north of the Liffey, St Stephen’s, Fitzwilliam and Merrion on the southside), each girdled by mansions housing the Protestant Ascendancy. Its transport links were... More
Dublin City Centre Late 19th Century
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Dublin City Centre Late 19th Century
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By 1880 Dublin, so long Ireland’s dominant city, was threatened with eclipse by the industrial dynamism of Belfast. The degeneration of its housing stock had been accelerated by the vast influx of the destitute during the Great Famine, who remained in decaying inner city tenements, while the middle classes fled... More
Dublin Civic Survey 1925
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Dublin Civic Survey 1925
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The 1925 Dublin Civic Survey was no ersatz municipal document. It avers ‘Housing in Dublin today… is more than a problem – it is a tragedy. Its conditions cause either a rapid or a slow death. Rapid when the houses fall on their tenants… slow, when they remain standing dens... More
Earliest Settlements c. 8000–3500 BCE
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Earliest Settlements c. 8000–3500 BCE
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Between 8000–3500 BCE there was an exponential growth in population and the establishment of the first established settlements and trading routes in Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Eurasia. Farming and the use of irrigation increased food resources, primarily in valley regions around major rivers, such as the Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, Indus... More
Early Bronze Age Europe
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Early Bronze Age Europe
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The Aegean was the conduit for the developments in metallurgy, which ushered in the European Bronze Age at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Almost two millennia later, it would repeat the service, relaying ironworking technology from its hearth in either Anatolia or northern India. It took some 1,500... More
Early Bronze Age Europe from 3200 BCE
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Early Bronze Age Europe from 3200 BCE
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The Bronze Age in Europe began around 3200 BCE on the coasts of the Aegean, and would reach its apogee in the Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 25001450 BCE). Bronze was manufactured from copper mined in Cyprus and alloyed with tin traded from as far afield as Britain. The Bell... More
Early Greece c. 1600 BCE
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Early Greece c. 1600 BCE
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In the early history of Greece there were three main dialects, Aeolic, Doric and Ionic, which corresponded to the three main tribes of the Greeks. The Aeolians lived chiefly in the eastern Aegean and on the west coast of Asia, north of Smyrna. The Ionic tribes were to be found... More