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Muhammad’s Missions and Campaigns to 632
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Muhammad’s Missions and Campaigns to 632
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After twelve years of persecution of his Muslim believers and the ostracism of his Hashemite clan, Muhammad led his followers on the Hijra, or ‘flight’ from Mecca to Medina. There he established a political and religious state governed in accordance with his Constitution of Medina. In 624 and 625, Muhammad... More
Mulberry Harbour A
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Mulberry Harbour A
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A successful Allied invasion of mainland Europe relied on a way of rapidly moving vast numbers of troops and supplies ashore for success. Capturing and defending a sizeable French port was seemingly out of the question following the abject failure of the 1942 Dieppe raid, thus the Mulberry harbour concept... More
Mulberry Harbour B June 1944
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Mulberry Harbour B June 1944
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Mulberry B’s position in the east meant that it was spared the full force of the storm that destroyed Mulberry A. However, this now meant that it also had to accept all American supplies, and by the end of its ten-month lifespan 2.5 million troops had used it to go... More
Muslim conquests in North Africa and Europe 634–752
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Muslim conquests in North Africa and Europe 634–752
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During the Rashidun caliphate (632–661), control of the Arabian Peninsula and crushing defeat of the Sasanid Empire was achieved within a decade. The Rashiduns then confronted the Byzantine Empire, in Syria and Egypt. The Arab conquest of North Africa was staccato, with two sweeping invasions subsequently halted by military reverses... More
Muslim Lands 2017
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Muslim Lands 2017
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By the 17th century, Islam had been the religion of the world’s primary military, commercial and cultural powers (in various incarnations) for a millennium. Thereafter, the temporal and economic power of Islamic states has been in steep relative decline in relation to their Christian counterparts, but adherence has proved remarkably... More
Muslim Population in the World Today
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Muslim Population in the World Today
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Figures gathered in 2015 put the world’s Muslim population at around 1.8 billion people, or 24.1 per cent of the world’s total population. This makes Islam the second largest religion after Christianity, which itself makes up over a third of the world’s population, and the majority religion in many countries... More
Mycenaean Cultural Influence 1600-1100 BCE
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Mycenaean Cultural Influence 1600-1100 BCE
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Mycenaean Greece dominated the Greek mainland, the Aegean Islands and the shores of Asia Minor, amalgamating various peoples into a homogenous culture that had influence that reached, at its furthest extent, to the Levant and Sicily. The Mycenaeans were accomplished sailors, who traded olive oil and ceramic vessels for gold,... More
Mysore and Dominions 1704
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Mysore and Dominions 1704
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The Kingdom of Mysore was founded in around 1399 and was ruled by the Wodeyar family until 1950. Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar II, who ruled between 1673 and 1704, instituted important reforms to the administration of the Hindu state, following Mughal methods, which enabled the growing state to become more efficient,... More
Mysore under Sultan Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan to c. 1785
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Mysore under Sultan Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan to c. 1785
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Sayyid wal Sharif Hyder Ali (c. 1720–82) rose to be commander of Mysore’s army under the rule of Krishnaraja II. Eventually he came to dominate Krishnraja and his government and was given, or took, the title Sarvadhikari, chief minister. A talented administrator and tactician, he resisted the advance of the... More
Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns 4 May 1796–8 April 1797
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Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns 4 May 1796–8 April 1797
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‘They’ve sent a young madman who attacks right and left, front and rear. It’s an intolerable way of making war’. The comments of a Piedmontese officer in Italy encapsulate the impact of Napoleon, unleashed on traditional militaries. Outnumbered and ill-provisioned, his genius for misdirection and lightning speed of movement repeatedly... More
Napoleon’s Italian Republics c. 1797
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Napoleon’s Italian Republics c. 1797
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After his military demolition of the Austrians (1796–97), Napoleon attempted to impose revolutionary order in Italy. By the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), Austria retained Venice and its Adriatic appendices, but Piedmont was directly annexed by France, while the spine of northern Italy was converted into the French-controlled Cisalpine Republic... More
Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831
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Nat Turner was literate, charismatic and highly devout, holding Baptist services for his fellow slaves who dubbed him the ‘Prophet’. Infected by the febrile religiosity, and expectation of the apocalypse, that was sweeping America (both white and black) during the Great Awakening, he began to experience visions. Interpreting a solar... More