All – Page 85 – The Map Archive

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Land Ordinance of 1785
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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In the Ordinance of 1785, Thomas Jefferson proposed that the vast new territories acquired under the Treaty of Paris should be incorporated into the new Union as separate (rather than expanded) states: the mechanism for new state creation would be further clarified in the North-West Ordinance of 1787. While these... More
Land Use in the Russian Federation 1991
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Land Use in the Russian Federation 1991
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In 1991, the USSR announced the independence of its former republics. After 1991, the privatized farms could not afford fertilizers or new machinery, causing yields to drop. Up to 1991, the Soviet Union was the world’s second leading power; yet despite its state-owned farming collectives yielding vast quantities of grain,... More
Landings at Anzio 17 January–26 May 1944
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Landings at Anzio 17 January–26 May 1944
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The Allied landings on the marshland south of Rome on 22 January were virtually unopposed and quickly secured a beachhead, but US Major General John Lucas did not exploit their element of surprise and drive directly on to Rome, preferring instead to consolidate his forces at Anzio. This gave the... More
Landings at Salerno 9–16 September 1943
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Landings at Salerno 9–16 September 1943
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Following the amphibious landings at Salerno on 9 September, Allied inroads were made further inland. The bulk of German forces, which had been waiting behind the front line, launched a counterattack on 13 September. This offensive was effective enough to force Allied command to make contingency plans for an emergency... More
Landings on Iwo Jima 19 February–26 March 1945
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Landings on Iwo Jima 19 February–26 March 1945
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With the Americans’ capture of the Philippine and Mariana Islands, the Japanese regarded Iwo Jima, with its three airfields and its warning system of air raids against the mainland, as being of increasing importance. Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi accordingly fortified the entire island with a sophisticated and complex network of... More
Lands of the Teutonic Order 1260–1410
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Lands of the Teutonic Order 1260–1410
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In the late 12th century German-speaking Teutonic Knights, operating from a network of castles, formed a religious-cum-military order committed to subduing the Baltic region, spreading Christianity, and protecting Christians making their pilgrimages to Jerusalem. As well as fighting the Egyptians for control of that distant holy city in the 5th... More
Lands of the Teutonic Order after 1466
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Lands of the Teutonic Order after 1466
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Following the heavy defeat of the Teutonic Order of Knights by the Polish-Lithuanian alliance at Tannenberg in 1410, the Order’s control and reputation began to weaken. Most of the Order’s senior knights had been killed on the battlefield, and the remainder were obliged to fall back and defend their capital... More
Languages and Peoples of Islam
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Languages and Peoples of Islam
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Being Muslim does not mean that a follower is restricted to specific languages. Instead, they follow their own culture and speak the native language of the part of the world they occupy. The Quran was revealed in Arabic and many non-Arabic speaking Muslims learn Arabic in order to read an... More
Languages in Italy 5th Century BCE
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Languages in Italy 5th Century BCE
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Ancient Italy resembled the modern Caucasus, with an intricate ethnography reflecting its complex topography. Yet both are regions girdled by seas and thus exposed to external commerce and colonization. At the beginning of the 5th century BCE, Etruria and Greece were vying to be the dominant colonizing power on the... More
Latin America 1892
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Latin America 1892
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Following the dismemberment of the Spanish Empire, Latin America remained highly unstable, with a succession of Caudillos, military strongmen, seizing power and waging war. Some of these wars were brutal: Paraguay lost up to half its population in conflict with Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina (1864–70); Bolivia lost its access to... More
Latitude and Longitude
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Latitude and Longitude
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The travellers of the ancient world positioned themselves using landmarks and simple maps. This worked well locally, but different methods were needed for travelling further afield across featureless terrain such as sea or desert. Travellers now required a frame of reference, or co-ordinates, to fix their position. In the 3rd... More
League of Nations Mandate 1921–23
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League of Nations Mandate 1921–23
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After World War I, the territories of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were reclassified as mandates and allocated to leading powers, which would oversee their administration until the mandate was deemed able to run itself. From the former territories of the Ottoman Empire, France was entrusted with control of the... More