All – Page 75 – The Map Archive

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Industry c. 1800
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Industry c. 1800
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In 1800, British trade was still governed by mercantilist principles, expressed by Navigation Acts that reserved the shipping of British goods to British vessels, and imposed swingeing duties on foreign imports. The free trade advanced by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations (1776) would not prevail until the mid-19th... More
Industry in Britain 1715–1815
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Industry in Britain 1715–1815
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Coalbrookdale in Shropshire was the Industrial Revolution’s ‘Silicon Valley’, with Abraham Darby I, II and III, the tech titans of their day. The first Abraham pioneered the use of coal in iron-smelting, and the industrial use of Newcomen’s steam engine. The third Abraham constructed (from cast-iron) the revolutionary Iron Bridge.... More
Infantry Versus Tanks 1940
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Infantry Versus Tanks 1940
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Anti-tank weapons and tactics progressed rapidly throughout the war in response to increasingly powerful and well-armoured tanks. The anti-tank rifle was a popular weapon in most armies towards the start of the war but gradually became less effective as an infantry tool as tank armour thickened. Hand-held anti-tank weapons progressed... More
Initial Assault on Stalingrad 26 September–18 November 1942
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Initial Assault on Stalingrad 26 September–18 November 1942
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The German assault on Stalingrad, using the 6th Army and elements of the 4th Panzer Army, began in August 1942 and soon deteriorated into brutal close quarters combat as stalemate set in. From their initial incursions into the southern sector of the city, German troops began the slow and arduous... More
Interdiction Bombing of Northern France 1944
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Interdiction Bombing of Northern France 1944
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As part of the Transport Plan, interdiction bombing aimed specifically to limit the movements of German forces to the front line following the D-Day landings by cutting key bridges and rail routes, whilst minimizing civilian casualties. Due to the importance of the element of surprise for Operation Overlord’s success, interdiction... More
International Organizations c. 2004
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International Organizations c. 2004
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Independent organizations are collections of independent political entities or sovereign states, who help maintain stability and peace by encouraging cooperation and shared benefits, such as tariff elimination between member countries. In 2004, the EU (European Union) trade bloc had its largest single expansion and included many new countries from eastern... More
Interregnum to Restoration 1651–89
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Interregnum to Restoration 1651–89
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‘The Scots have dealt very ill with me – very ill’ said Charles II, according to the diarist, Samuel Pepys. Once firmly ensconced on the English throne, Charles would take his revenge at leisure, ignoring the Scottish parliament, ruling there through commissioners. This royal rancour appears ungrateful, given that in... More
Intolerance 1889–1918
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Intolerance 1889–1918
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Lynching is the act of killing someone for an alleged offence without a legal trial. Although its most notorious manifestations in the US were by whites on blacks, it was never exclusively so. The worst mass lynching was of 11 Italian immigrants in New Orleans (1891); in the West and... More
Invasion of Lebanon June 1982 – September 1983
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Invasion of Lebanon June 1982 – September 1983
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By 1982, Lebanon was deep into a civil war waged by a bewildering array of political and sectarian militias, with the proxy involvement of regional powers, notably Syria, Iran and Israel. Prominent amongst these was the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which used southern Lebanon as a base for attacks on... More
Invasion of Madagascar 5 May 1942
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Invasion of Madagascar 5 May 1942
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In order to stop the growing power of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Indian Ocean, a plan was drawn up for an invasion of Madagascar by Allied forces under Operation Ironclad. Intelligence suggested the Japanese were planning to occupy the deep water port at Diego Suarez on the northern... More
Invasion of Malaya 8 December 1941–31 January 1942
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Invasion of Malaya 8 December 1941–31 January 1942
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On 8 December 1941, shortly after the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese landings began in northern Malaya and southern Thailand. As a major resource of tin and rubber, Malaya was a key target, along with the British jewel of Singapore. The Japanese advanced quickly down the east and west coasts of... More
Invasion of Poland 1-28 September 1939
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Invasion of Poland 1-28 September 1939
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Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September, still hoping for a peaceful settlement after the invasion of Poland two days earlier. Poland had been taken unawares by the brutal German strategy of Blitzkrieg, with both Luftwaffe attacks and land advances leaving a trail of devastation. By 6 September, Polish... More