All – Page 74 – The Map Archive

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Indian Ocean c. 1580
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Indian Ocean c. 1580
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In 1497, Vasco da Gama’s expedition past the Cape of Good Hope at the southern end of Africa opened up a new trade route with the Indian Ocean and began an era of Portuguese and European dominance of maritime trade. The Portuguese soon established fortifications and trading outposts along the... More
Indian Ocean c. 1650
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Indian Ocean c. 1650
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After the Portuguese initially made inroads into the Indian Ocean, the Dutch and English followed suit and established themselves over the Portuguese as the major maritime trading powers in the region. The Portuguese forces were small in number and, as a result, could not hold out against concerted efforts to... More
Indian Ocean Raid March-April 1942
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Indian Ocean Raid March-April 1942
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In an attempt to solidify the gains made in Burma, and to weaken Allied resupply capabilities in the case of a push-back, Japan launched a naval offensive in the Indian Ocean centred on Ceylon. The fleet, led by Admiral Nagumo, began its foray into the Indian Ocean by moving north... More
Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
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Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
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The tsunami was triggered by one of the most powerful (9.3 on the Richter scale) and longest (almost 10 minutes) earthquakes ever recorded, with a force 1,500 times the atom bomb at Hiroshima. Its epicentre was off the west coast of Sumatra and the rupture along a tectonic plate subduction... More
Indian Rail Network 1930
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Indian Rail Network 1930
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The imperative that drove the development of railways in India was different from the reasons for building railways in much of the rest of the British Empire. In Africa, Canada and Australasia, the railways opened up wilderness to colonization. India, by contrast, was heavily populated and already had a substantial,... More
Indian Territory in the Great Lakes Region 1768
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Indian Territory in the Great Lakes Region 1768
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The tribal territories of the Great Lakes were loose-knit and dynamic before the arrival of Europeans, with frequent warfare, conquest and displacement. The Iroquois Confederacy was notably belligerent, acquiring land from the Algonkin (whom they described disparagingly as ‘Adirondacks’ or ‘tree-eaters’), and subjugating the Delaware. The southern Ojibwa drove the... More
Indian Wars and Railroads in the West 1860–93
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Indian Wars and Railroads in the West 1860–93
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The Indians of the West experienced an apocalypse from the 1850s; its four horsemen were floods of settlers, bison hunters, the US cavalry and the ‘iron horse’ of the railroads. The Homestead Act (1862) accelerated westward migration of the land-hungry. While Indian attacks on homesteaders provoked outrage and reprisal, Mormons... More
Indian, Pakistan and Ceylon Languages c. 1950
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Indian, Pakistan and Ceylon Languages c. 1950
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After independence in 1947, English was no longer the official language of the governments in the three countries of the Indian subcontinent. By c. 1950, the Indo-Aryan languages dominated, with Urdu the lingua franca of Pakistan, and Hindi the official language of India. Urdu was also spoken in Nepal, parts... More
Indo-European Migration 5000-900 BCE
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Indo-European Migration 5000-900 BCE
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The location of the cradle of the Indo-European peoples is a matter of academic dispute. Based on a mix of archaeology and linguistic analysis, Anatolia, Armenia and the Zagros Mountains each have their proponents, but the consensus has favoured the ‘Kurgan Hypothesis. This places the zone of origin in the... More
Indochina War 1946–64
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Indochina War 1946–64
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On 22 August 1945 the Japanese across French Indochina announced an informal surrender. They assisted the Viet Minh nationalist group in taking over the administration and handed over their weapons before the French could bring in reinforcements. The Viet Minh then declared independence from France on 2 September 1945, shortly... More
Industries 1901
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Industries 1901
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In 1901, Britain led the world in manufacturing and industry after great expansion and developments during the 19th century. There was an increase in international trade, export successes across the Empire and a new demand for consumer goods from the growing middle-classes. The coal, iron, steel and engineering industries created... More
Industry by 1920
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Industry by 1920
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Henry Ford was the archetypal American industrial mogul and inventor of mass production; at his Ford Motor Company (founded in 1903) ‘The chain never stops, the pace never varies. The man is part of the chain, the feeder and slave of it’. Between 1890 and 1920, America transformed from a... More