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Chinese Missionaries 1850–1920
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Chinese Missionaries 1850–1920
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China’s Qing dynasty (1633–19 11) was weak and precarious. The arrival of missionaries in the 19th century, and colonial attempts to exploit Asia’s vast wealth, took advantage of that weakness to overcome China’s long-standing resistance to foreign missionaries. Roman Catholics had already reached China in the 17th century but the... More
Chinese Rebellions and Foreign Attacks 1840–1901
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Chinese Rebellions and Foreign Attacks 1840–1901
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In 1820, Daoguang succeeded his father Jiaqing as emperor of the Qing dynasty and was confronted by the challenge of an empire in decline, plagued by corruption, food shortages, domestic revolts and foreign threats. The Taiping Rebellion was initiated by Hong Xiuquan, self-styled ‘Brother of Jesus Christ’ and ‘Heavenly King’,... More
Christendom and the Barbarians c. 800–900
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Christendom and the Barbarians c. 800–900
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The so-called “barbarians” were migratory peoples who launched attacks on the more settled societies of the old world since Roman times. In the 9th century new marauders preyed upon Christendom, drawn by the wealth accumulated by religiousestablishments and centres of commerce. The Vikings were audacious maritime marauders, who reached as... More
Christian Missions in Africa 1800–60
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Christian Missions in Africa 1800–60
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The early African missionaries were often redoubtable explorers. The Lutheran Johannes Rebmann was the first European to see Mt Kilimanjaro (1849), but his reports of its snow-capped summit on the equator were dismissed as malaria-induced hallucination. The founding father of the modern missionary movement was the Englishman, William Carey, with... More
Christian Missions in Africa 1860–1914
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Christian Missions in Africa 1860–1914
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Until the 1830s, the dominant purpose of European colonization in Africa was the slave trade. Thereafter, the cargo changed but economic exploitation remained the heart of the enterprise, reaching peak intensity during the ‘Scramble for Africa’ initiated by the Treaty of Berlin (1885). The record of Christian missions through this... More
Christian Missions in India 1890
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Christian Missions in India 1890
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By the early 19th century the London Missionary Society had focused its attention on South Asia. The British East India Company, which governed India until 1858, had always been extremely wary of the risks of disturbing Muslim and Hindu sensibilities. However, increasing pressure from evangelicals in Britain led to a... More
Christian Persecution 2018
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Christian Persecution 2018
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Christians account for 4 per cent of the population of the Middle East, and are subject to varying degrees of persecution, ranging from routine discrimination in education, employment and social life to genocidal attacks. The “Arab Spring” (uprisings in 2010/11) and the fall of established dictatorships in Egypt, Libya, Syria... More
Christian Pilgrimage in the Late Middle Ages
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Christian Pilgrimage in the Late Middle Ages
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Throughout the Middle Ages Christians sought to engage in arduous physical travel to achieve a spiritual goal If possible, they visited the actual places in the Holy Land where Jesus and the apostles had lived, or they ventured to Rome, the scene of Christian martyrdoms. After the Christian sites in... More
Christianity in Africa 2018
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Christianity in Africa 2018
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The nationalist movements that led most of colonial Africa to independence in the years 1958–66 were typically secular, and newly independent nations often nationalized missionary institutions. Yet the growth of Christianity accelerated in the postcolonial period. In some cases, it felt into the continents conflict. In the Rwandan genocide of... More
Christianity in Central and South America 2020
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Christianity in Central and South America 2020
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At the beginning of the 20th century Latin America was 90 per cent Catholic, a result of 300 years of colonization and conversion by the Spanish and Portuguese. But in 2014 that figure had dropped to 69 per cent, the result of large numbers of people leaving the Catholic Church... More
Christianity in East Asia c. 1950
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Christianity in East Asia c. 1950
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In 1949 the Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China. This announcement brought to the end the costly civil war between the Communist Party and the nationalist Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, which had broken out immediately after the end of Word War... More
Christianity in South Africa 1858
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Christianity in South Africa 1858
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By the early 19th century, when the Dutch Cape Colony came under British rule, South Africa was a major hub for maritime trade between Asia and Europe, and in the week of traders came successive waves of Christian missionaries, originating in the Netherlands, the British Isles, France and the United... More