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Showing 337–348 of 2496 results

  • Bun’ei 1274

    Bun’ei 1274

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    Bun’ei 1274

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    After failed diplomatic attempts to secure control of Japan, the Mongol Empire sent an army across the sea to begin a physical invasion in November 1274. The Mongol Empire, which occupied a vast area stretching across the entirety of Asia, was adept at waging land-based warfare but its infamously effective... More
  • Burgundian Lands 1363–1477

    Burgundian Lands 1363–1477

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    Burgundian Lands 1363–1477

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    In 1363, John II of France gave his son, Philip the Bold, the duchy of Burgundy. After marrying Margaret of Flanders in 1369, the couple inherited the Confederations of Flanders and Artois in 1383–84. Philip acquired land in the Netherlands, becoming a powerful ruler in his own right, ‘sharing power’... More
  • Butler’s Rangers and the Six Nations 1783–85

    Butler’s Rangers and the Six Nations 1783–85

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    Butler’s Rangers and the Six Nations 1783–85

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    Before the Revolutionary War, John Butler was a wealthy landowner in the Mohawk valley. A loyalist, who spoke several Indian languages, he formed his Rangers from pro-British settlers and their Indian allies, achieving a string of successes in the war, some of which were infamous for their brutality. When the... More
  • Byzantine Constantinople 1260

    Byzantine Constantinople 1260

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    Byzantine Constantinople 1260

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    During the Fourth Crusade in 1204, much of Constantinople and its priceless architecture was destroyed by the crusading Christian armies from western Europe. Following a lengthy siege, the Latin Christian armies broke through the city’s defences and sacked some of its most important sites, including the Hagia Sofia and Justinian’s... More
  • Byzantine Empire 1030

    Byzantine Empire 1030

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    Byzantine Empire 1030

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    Following a period of great military success under Basil II, his successors soon demonstrated that they were less able. The second emperor to succeed Basil II, Romanos III, came under repeated attacks by Muslim forces on the eastern frontier and saw them as an opportunity to prove his capability in... More
  • Byzantine Empire 1045

    Byzantine Empire 1045

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    Byzantine Empire 1045

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    In 1045 the Macedonian Dynasty was involved in the culmination of a lengthy period of political turmoil that revolved around Zoë Porphyrogenita, daughter of Constantine VIII who died in 1028. Constantine VIII married her to his selected heir Romanos III shortly before his death, however their marriage turned sour and... More
  • Byzantine Empire 1095

    Byzantine Empire 1095

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    Byzantine Empire 1095

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    The year 1095 saw a call to arms across all of Christian Europe in preparation for the First Crusade. By this point, the Byzantine Empire had been in steady decline for some time and had lost much of its traditional heartland in Anatolia to the Seljuk Empire. The Byzantines were... More
  • Byzantine Empire 1278

    Byzantine Empire 1278

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    Byzantine Empire 1278

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    Michael VIII oversaw the restoration of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was recaptured from the Latin Empire in 1261. Throughout Michael’s reign, there was a concerted effort to re-establish the Latin Empire and return Constantinople to the control of the pope. This effort was mainly driven by the King of... More
  • Byzantine Empire 1328

    Byzantine Empire 1328

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    Byzantine Empire 1328

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    At the end of the Byzantine civil war of 1321–28, Andronikos III Palaiologos emerged victorious against his grandfather Andronikos II Palaiologos. The civil war started when Andronikos III was exiled after he killed his brother Manuel because of an affair. Andronikos III set up his own government in Adrianople and... More
  • Byzantine Empire 1430

    Byzantine Empire 1430

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    Byzantine Empire 1430

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    The year 1430 saw the fall of Thessalonika to the Ottoman Empire after eight years of fighting between the Byzantines, the Venetians and the Ottomans. As pressure from the Ottomans increased and Thessalonika was surrounded, the city’s government asked for assistance from the Venetians in return for increased economic privileges... More
  • Byzantine Empire 732

    Byzantine Empire 732

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    Byzantine Empire 732

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    By the year 732, the Byzantine Empire ruled by Leo III (r. 717-741) who had begun to restore order to the administrative workings of the empire following the Twenty Years’ Anarchy in which numerous emperors were installed and overthrown after the deposition of Justinian II in 711. Leo III was... More
  • Byzantium and the East 840

    Byzantium and the East 840

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    Byzantium and the East 840

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    The military tsunami of the Rashidun caliphate conquered half of the Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 7th century. In response, the Byzantines became furiously consumed by an abstruse doctrinal dispute over whether Christ had one (divine) or two (human and divine) natures. A four-year siege of Constantinople finally... More