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Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece 480 BCE
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Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece 480 BCE
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Xerxes the Great was determined to punish the Greeks for their victory over Persia at Marathon. After several years of planning, Xerxes’ huge army and navy travelled south from Sardis, through Thrace and Macedonia. While the land army was advancing, there were several severe storms that shipwrecked much of the... More
Xia Dynasty c. 2070 BCE–1600 BCE
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Xia Dynasty c. 2070 BCE–1600 BCE
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Believed to be the first dynasty in traditional Chinese history, the Xia (Hsia) dynasty is described in ancient chronicles such as the Bamboo Annals, yet some historians question its existence and consider it to be mostly mythological. The exact dates of this dynasty are unclear, but are generally agreed to... More
Yom Kippur The First Attack 6 October 1973
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Yom Kippur The First Attack 6 October 1973
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In the build-up to the Yom Kippur War, the Israelis were placed under extreme American pressure not to launch a pre-emptive strike; something they had done, with devastating success, in 1967. Consequently, the Egyptians were able to take the initiative. When they launched their offensive across the Suez Canal on... More
Yom Kippur: Israeli Counterattacks 14–23 October 1973
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Yom Kippur: Israeli Counterattacks 14–23 October 1973
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The Israeli defences in Sinai took a severe pummelling in the first week of the war. The line of fortifications east of the Suez Canal had been repeatedly breached, but by 14 October, the Egyptian offensive had been repulsed, and, with the Syrian assault on the Golan Heights likewise stalled,... More
Yom Kippur: The Golan Heights 6–24 October 1973
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Yom Kippur: The Golan Heights 6–24 October 1973
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At the outset of their Golan Heights campaign, Syria had a 10:1 advantage in troop numbers, and a 5:1 advantage in tanks. As in Sinai, the first three days developed into a series of last ditch Israeli defensive operations, made all the more critical by the proximity of the action... More
Yorktown to Williamsburg 3–6 May 1862
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Yorktown to Williamsburg 3–6 May 1862
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The Warwick Line of Confederate fortifications ran across the Virginia peninsula from Skiff Creek to Yorktown. Its defence against McClellan’s invading Union Army of the Potomac was entrusted to General Magruder, a keen amateur actor, who paraded his meagre defence force up and down the line with elaborate theatricality, gulling... More
Yuan China 1271–1368
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Yuan China 1271–1368
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After the division of the Mongol Empire in 1259, it split into four separate khanates, controlled by various elements of the Mongolian ruling class. The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, and comprised the traditional northern Chinese Empire. Kublai Khan was careful to portray himself... More
Závist Celtic Hillfort 600 BCE
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Závist Celtic Hillfort 600 BCE
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The fort of Závist in Bohemia occupies a hill, overlooking a river and fertile landscape. It was first occupied late in the Hallstatt phase of Celtic culture. Initially unfortified, the Acropolis enclosure at its summit may have been a ceremonial site. Around 500 BCE, and earthwork rampart was added, topped... More
Zeppelin Raids on London 1915 Night of 31 May–1 June 1915
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Zeppelin Raids on London 1915 Night of 31 May–1 June 1915
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The first Zeppelin raid on London was on 31 May 1915. London had never experienced an aerial assault. The Kaiser had deferred attacking the capital because of his close ties to the Royal family. The hydrogen-fuelled Zeppelins were huge, cigar-shaped planes which travelled at speed and could carry a large... More
Zhou China c. 1046 BCE–221 BCE
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Zhou China c. 1046 BCE–221 BCE
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The Zhou overthrew the Shang and founded their dynasty with the justification of the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that China should be governed by one, worthy ruler. The early years (1046–771 BCE) are known as the Western Zhou period, with the capital at Haojing and a solidification of power... More
Zhukov’s Blocking Line June–September 1941
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Zhukov’s Blocking Line June–September 1941
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As the Germans advanced towards Russia during Operation Barbarossa in the second half of 1941, they came across a line of outdated Soviet defensive fortifications known as the Stalin Line. Following the construction of the Molotov line further west after the beginning of the war, the fortifications of the Stalin... More
Zulu Expansion from 1816
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Zulu Expansion from 1816
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Shaka was the illegitimate son of a Zulu chief, who came to prominence as a general of the neighbouring Mthethwa. After wresting leadership of the Zulu, he embarked on a series of campaigns and raids, expanding the Zulu kingdom by conquest, vassalage and displacement. He is credited with a number... More