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The Middle East at the Dawn of Islam 628
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The Middle East at the Dawn of Islam 628
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In the early 7th century, Muhammad’s steady unification of the warring tribes of Arabia appeared to be an insignificant sideshow in a remote backwater. What mattered was the clash of the Sassanid and Byzantine Empires in all-out war (602–28). Fortunes swung violently: the Sassanids captured Syria, Palestine and Egypt, then... More
The Middle East c. 1960
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The Middle East c. 1960
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The Middle Eastern map changed dramatically in the early 20th century, with many countries gaining independence from the Ottomans and later from British or French control. By 1960–61, the region was comprised of independent states, many of them made wealthy by their oil production and reserves. Pan-Arabism, initiated by the... More
The Middle East c. 2000 BCE
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The Middle East c. 2000 BCE
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At the end of the third millennium BCE, the city-state of Ur presided over most of Mesopotamia. Apart from the capital, there were important subsidiary centres at Sippar, Nippur and Isin. After the death of the ruler, Shulgi, early in the second millennium BCE, Ur fell into decline, and was... More
The Middle East c. 900 BCE
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The Middle East c. 900 BCE
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In c. 900 the Middle East was on the eve of its domination by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which came to control much of the region with Ashurnasirpal II, king of Assyria, ruthlessly expanding his borders as far north as Phrygia and south to absorb Babylonia and Elam. The Levantine states,... More
The Middle Kingdom c. 2000 BCE
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The Middle Kingdom c. 2000 BCE
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Some of Egypt’s greatest statuary, art and literature was produced during this era (c. 2000–1523 BCE). It began with reunification and ended with enemy occupation. Amenemhat I (the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom) and his successors ruled Egypt for 200 years. Amenemhat, I moved the capital from Thebes to... More
The Ming Walls 1368–1644
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The Ming Walls 1368–1644
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Since the birth of agriculture, the settled populations of China’s great floodplains were perennial targets for nomadic raiders from the Asian steppes. The first attempts to block these depredations with walls date back almost 3,000 years, with many succeeding permutations. The Ming came to power by expelling the Mongols, who... More
The Ministry of Jesus
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The Ministry of Jesus
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The Christian concept of a ministry encompasses a journey through which someone demonstrates their faith. Jesus’s ministry began with his baptism by John the Baptist and is considered by most scholars to have ended with the Last Supper in Jerusalem. The exact timeframe of the ministry is uncertain, although most... More
The Missions of Saints Cyril and Methodius, c. 850
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The Missions of Saints Cyril and Methodius, c. 850
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Cyril and Methodius were brothers born in Thessalonika in the early 9th century. The missionary Cyril (826–69) proved a brilliant linguist, while Methodius (815–85) was a sound administrator, who had risen to become an abbot of a monastery. The patriarch of Constantinople sent both the brothers when Prince Ratislav of... More
The Missouri Pacific Railroad 1849–1982
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The Missouri Pacific Railroad 1849–1982
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The Missouri Pacific (MP), chartered by Missouri in 1849, was the first railroad to be built west of the Mississippi River, and was to stretch from ‘St Louis to the western boundary of Missouri and thence to the Pacific Ocean’. The gold rush in 1848 had highlighted the need for... More
The Missouri, Kansas, Texas Railroad 1870–1988
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The Missouri, Kansas, Texas Railroad 1870–1988
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The Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad (MKT) operated from 1870–1988, when it was merged into the Union Pacific. It was owned by private investors and constructed to funnel goods and passengers from Missouri and Kansas to Texas, across Indian territories. The railroad was commonly referred to as the Katy, after its stock exchange... More
The Modoc War 1872–73
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The Modoc War 1872–73
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Before the white man, the Modoc inhabited the Oregon-California borders, fishing for salmon and baking water-lily seed popcorn. Following the Gold Rushes, settlers began arriving in floods. The Modoc began to attack these wagon trains, killing over 60 at Bloody Point (1852). In 1864, they agreed to move to a... More
The Mongol (Yuan) Period c.1300
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The Mongol (Yuan) Period c.1300
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Succeeding the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty, the Yuan was ancient China’s first foreign-led empire. Under the leadership of Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan), the Mongols implemented regimes and a class system that marginalized the Chinese. They focussed on foreign trade, with the Venetian trader Marco Polo... More