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Parliamentary Representation after 1832
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Parliamentary Representation after 1832
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The British electoral system in the early 1830s was outdated, unrepresentative and highly prone to corruption and patronage. The electorate was a small percentage of the population, and the assortment of boroughs and counties varied massively in the size of the electorate they contained. Each county elected two members until... More
Parliamentary Representation Before 1832
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Parliamentary Representation Before 1832
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Dunwich in Suffolk was a thriving medieval town until it was inundated by the sea in the 14th century. But it still returned two MPs to the pre-Reform parliament, as did the seven electors of Old Sarum and Gatton respectively. Before ennoblement, the Duke of Wellington served as MP for... More
Parthian Wars 114–117 CE
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Parthian Wars 114–117 CE
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Rome had unfinished business with Parthia since 53 BCE, when their archers and cavalry annihilated the Roman army of Crassus at Carrhae. The Roman emperor Trajan, using as a pretext the installation of a nephew of the Parthian ruler as king of Armenia, launched a full-scale invasion. He first annexed... More
Partitions of Poland – Russia Moves Westwards 1772–95
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Partitions of Poland – Russia Moves Westwards 1772–95
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In the period 1772–95, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria during three separate partition agreements. Poland itself was politically compromised with many of its diplomats controlled through Russian bribes. It was also militarily and economically weakened by civil war and became gradually more so with each... More
Passchendaele July–November 1917
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Passchendaele July–November 1917
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1917 began ominously for the Allies. The February Revolution in Russia threatened the collapse of the eastern front, and the German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare was severely degrading Allied supply lines on the western front. Initiated by General Haig, the Battle of Passchendaele had two primary objectives: to close... More
Patrons and Artists in Renaissance Italy 1260–1550
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Patrons and Artists in Renaissance Italy 1260–1550
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During the Renaissance, most art was commissioned and paid for by wealthy individuals, civic institutions, the Church, or rulers. Renaissance artists were constrained by the desires and directives of their patrons, and their works was subject to contracts, which stipulated timescales, costs, materials and so on. For the patrons commissioning... More
Peasant Discontent 1827–60
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Peasant Discontent 1827–60
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Increasingly, Russia’s rulers realized that the condition of serfdom needed to be addressed. Catherine the Great introduced prosecution for mistreatment of serfs by landowners, in the wake of the Pugachev revolt (1773–75). Paul I limited barshchina (service owed to the landowner) to three days a week, and Alexander I introduced... More
Peloponnesian War 431–404 BCE
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Peloponnesian War 431–404 BCE
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In order to dominate the trade routes with southern Italy and Sicily, Athens backed Corcyra in a dispute with Corinth. Corinth enlisted Sparta’s help against Athens, and supported a Thessalian city-state revolt against Athens (432 BCE). Athens’ leader, Pericles, isolated Corinth by refusing to trade with Megara, a Spartan ally.... More
Pentecostalism in the United States 1900–14
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Pentecostalism in the United States 1900–14
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Charles Fox Parham’s Bethel Bible College at Topeka in Kansas, was the source of the Pentecostal movement. It was here that Parham’s students began to speak in ‘tongues’ – ecstatic speech or glossolalia. Initially met with disbelief and ridicule, Parham’s espousal of the practice of faith healing also became a... More
Pentecostalism in the World 2000
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Pentecostalism in the World 2000
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Nearly all Pentecostal denominations trace their origins to the Azusa Street Revival, in Los Angeles (1906–10). In 1914 several small Pentecostal groups in Hot Springs, Arkansas, formed the intensely mission-conscious Assemblies of God, which combined foreign missions with domestic outreach amongst urban populations, on Indian reservations and in prisons. They... More
Percentage of Votes for Sinn Féin 1918
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Percentage of Votes for Sinn Féin 1918
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In the run-up to the 1918 election, the British government acted as Sinn Féin’s most effective recruiting sergeant. The Irish public had been alienated by the draconian response to the Easter Rising. The Home Rule negotiations at the Irish Convention were botched. Finally, attempts by Lloyd George to link Home... More
Percentage of Women in Total Workforce 1900
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Percentage of Women in Total Workforce 1900
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According to the Department of Labor, in 1900 women over the age of 16 constituted 18.3 per cent of the US labour force. 1900 was the early industrial era and there was a gradual movement away from agricultural trades into manufacturing. Domestic and personal services were still the dominant employment... More