Nations

Showing 49–60 of 124 results

New European Order 1993
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New European Order 1993
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On 1 November 1993 the Maastricht Treaty, signed on 7 February 1992, became effective, marking the transition of the European Economic Community into the European Union. A number of new economic and legal ties were established between member states under the three pillars of the European Union, reinforcing policy cooperation... More
New European States Emerge 1991–93
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New European States Emerge 1991–93
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Vladimir Putin described the break-up of the Soviet Union as ‘the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century’. The secession of the subsidiary states of the Union was preceded by the collapse of Communist rule in eastern Europe. This was largely bloodless, accomplished by campaigns of mass civil resistance, excepting Romania,... More
Northeast Africa, 1977–1982
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Northeast Africa, 1977–1982
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Following severe famine between 1972–74, civil unrest began to mount against Emperor Haile Selassie. A group of military officers known as the Derg staged a coup in 1974 and instated Communist rule; meanwhile a number of opposition groups formed. This instability catalyzed widespread conflict in the region, beginning with the... More
Parliamentary Representation after 1832
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Parliamentary Representation after 1832
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The British electoral system in the early 1830s was outdated, unrepresentative and highly prone to corruption and patronage. The electorate was a small percentage of the population, and the assortment of boroughs and counties varied massively in the size of the electorate they contained. Each county elected two members until... More
Peasant Discontent 1827–60
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Peasant Discontent 1827–60
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Increasingly, Russia’s rulers realized that the condition of serfdom needed to be addressed. Catherine the Great introduced prosecution for mistreatment of serfs by landowners, in the wake of the Pugachev revolt (1773–75). Paul I limited barshchina (service owed to the landowner) to three days a week, and Alexander I introduced... More
Percentage of Women in Total Workforce 1900
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Percentage of Women in Total Workforce 1900
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According to the Department of Labor, in 1900 women over the age of 16 constituted 18.3 per cent of the US labour force. 1900 was the early industrial era and there was a gradual movement away from agricultural trades into manufacturing. Domestic and personal services were still the dominant employment... More
Poland 1914
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Poland 1914
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Poland did not exist in 1914, having been carved up by Austria, Prussia and Russia during the partitions of the late 18th century. It was briefly resurrected during the Napoleonic Wars as the Duchy of Warsaw (1806–15), but after Napoleon’s defeat (1815) was absorbed into Russia and became Polish-Russia. The... More
Poland 1921
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Poland 1921
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Shortly after the 1918 armistice, the independent Second Polish Republic was created, with Józef Piłsudski its chief of state. Poland was granted access to the Baltic through the Danzig Corridor, which created the exclave of East Prussia, separated from mainland Germany. In 1919 an armed struggle ensued between Russian Bolsheviks... More
Poland and Czechoslovakia 1919–21
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Poland and Czechoslovakia 1919–21
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Poland gained nominal status as a puppet state of Germany through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. But the renunciation of that Treaty in the Armistice of November 1918 threatened its existence. Soviet Russia invaded, looking to recoup the territories it had conceded at Brest-Litovsk, but the Poles crushed the invaders at... More
Post-Apartheid South Africa 1994–95
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Post-Apartheid South Africa 1994–95
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The period between Nelson Mandela’s release from 27 years in prison in 1990 and South Africa’s first post-apartheid elections in 1994 was extremely fraught. Afrikaner hard-liners were determined to derail the process of apartheid repeal, but there was also dissension amongst the various representatives of the black majority. In particular... More
Ratification of the Federal Constitution 1787–90
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Ratification of the Federal Constitution 1787–90
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Between 1787–1788, 16,000 elected delegates debated whether to provide ratification of the newly proposed Constitution. Outside this private arena, the public were being bombarded with leaflets, pamphlets and broadsides outlining the merits and demerits of the new constitution. The Federalists, who were pro more centralized government control and wanted the... More
Romania 1914–May 1918
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Romania 1914–May 1918
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In 1914 Romania was an independent monarchy, which had been created from Moldavia and Walachia. Romania joined with the Allies against the Central Powers in 1916, in World War 1. This created a stalemate when the Romanians were defeated in their attempt to seize the disputed territory of Transylvania. They... More