Government

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Afghanistan Under NATO Control 2006
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Afghanistan Under NATO Control 2006
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As part of the occupation and reconstruction effort following the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, various NATO forces assumed command of regional centres across Afghanistan from 2003. These forces were provided by numerous NATO countries and were tasked with ensuring security and assisting the general day-to-day functions of the... More
Afghanistan, 1978–84
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Afghanistan, 1978–84
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In 1978 the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan led the Saur Revolution against President Daoud Khan, who had begun a crackdown against their growing political influence. The new Communist government, led by Hafizullah Amin, was widely unpopular and quickly garnered armed opposition from Mujahideen (fighters engaged in a jihad) who... More
Africa c. 1830
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Africa c. 1830
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From 1808–34, the abolition movement progressively eliminated the slave trade with North America, but the Islamic Sokoto caliphate did its best to compensate. Founded in 1804 by a Sufist rebellion, this confederation of emirates became one of Africa’s largest polities and second only to the American South in its slave... More
Australia Settlements 1853
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Australia Settlements 1853
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Within days of Victoria’s proclamation as a separate colony on 1 July 1851, gold was discovered at Ballarat. With the subsequent rushes and economic boom, its population had outstripped that of the mother colony of New South Wales by the end of the decade. The previous year, the Australian Colonies... More
Australia Settlements 1859
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Australia Settlements 1859
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In 1854, the Eureka Rebellion by gold prospectors in Victoria protesting against extortionate taxes and mining licence fees, was ruthlessly suppressed by British troops. However, the British government was shaken from its complacency and reluctantly recognized the need for devolved powers. The Colony of Victoria Act (1855) granted representative government,... More
Australia Settlements 1863
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Australia Settlements 1863
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In 1860–61, the Burke and Wills expedition completed the first crossing of the Australian continent, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Both the expedition leaders perished on the return trip, emphasizing the hostility of the interior, but the Northern Territory was now on the map, and incorporated into South... More
Australia Settlements up to 1950
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Australia Settlements up to 1950
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The 1860s and 1870s were the heyday of the Australian bushrangers, from Captain Thunderbolt to Ned Kelly. They embodied a rambunctious anti-authoritarianism that would be expressed lawfully in the power of the labour unions during the prosperity of the Great Boom. Fed by exports of wool, wheat and minerals to... More
Berlin 13 August 1961–9 November 1989
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Berlin 13 August 1961–9 November 1989
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On ‘Barbed Wire Sunday’, 13 August 1961, the German Democratic Republic closed the border into West Berlin and began the construction of the Berlin Wall. Since the end of World War II, East Germany had lost some 3.5 million citizens from defection to West Germany. The exclave of West Berlin... More
Canada 1885
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Canada 1885
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It has been said of Canada in the 1880s that ‘Never before or since has Canada reached such a low state. Never has there been so little evidence in its people of national spirit’. The four founding provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had formed the nucleus... More
Devolution 2010
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Devolution 2010
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In March 2010, eleven years after devolution in 1999, the Parliament of the United Kingdom made an agreement to transfer powers to assemblies in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Main powers devolved included agriculture, education, environment and health. The United Kingdom government still retained control of defence and national security,... More
Europe c. 2000
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Europe c. 2000
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In 1992, Francis Fukuyama argued in The End of History and the Last Man that Western liberal democracy had become, in effect, the capstone of human socio-political evolution. Europe in 2000 ought perhaps to be Exhibit A for this thesis. The rapid collapse of communism in eastern Europe (1989–91), culminated... More
France 1789
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France 1789
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On the eve of Revolution, France had 34 provinces, and fifteen provincial parlements administering and upholding over 300 ‘customary law’ jurisdictions, often to the point of obstructing the efforts of the king and his ministers to achieve reform. The most glaring area in which this obtained was taxation, from which... More