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  African Languages c. 1000

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  African Languages c. 1000

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  As befits the starting point for human evolution, the African continent has incredible linguistic diversity. The aboriginal languages of much of Africa were probably similar to the Khoisan linguistic group, now almost entirely confined to the Bushmen and Hottentots in southwestern Africa. A thousand years ago, two great waves of... More
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  Ancient Greek Dialects

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  Ancient Greek Dialects

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  Proto-Greek speakers first migrated into southeastern Europe between 2200 BCE and 1600 BCE. Mycenaean Greek-speakers arrived in the second millennium BCE, settling in the southern part of the Greek mainland and in the Peloponnese. A later wave brought Ionic speakers into Attica as well as other parts of central Greece... More
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  Early Greece c. 1600 BCE

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  Early Greece c. 1600 BCE

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  In the early history of Greece there were three main dialects, Aeolic, Doric and Ionic, which corresponded to the three main tribes of the Greeks. The Aeolians lived chiefly in the eastern Aegean and on the west coast of Asia, north of Smyrna. The Ionic tribes were to be found... More
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  East Africa c. 1000

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  East Africa c. 1000

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  Two waves of settlement washed over the Great Lakes region a thousand years ago: Nilo-Saharan peoples from Sudan beginning in the 8th century, to be succeeded by Bantu from the west in the 10th century. To the east of Lake Victoria, the varied ecology gave rise to communal specialization in... More
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  Indo-European Migration 5000-900 BCE

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  Indo-European Migration 5000-900 BCE

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  The location of the cradle of the Indo-European peoples is a matter of academic dispute. Based on a mix of archaeology and linguistic analysis, Anatolia, Armenia and the Zagros Mountains each have their proponents, but the consensus has favoured the ‘Kurgan Hypothesis. This places the zone of origin in the... More
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  Languages in Italy 5th Century BCE

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  Languages in Italy 5th Century BCE

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  Ancient Italy resembled the modern Caucasus, with an intricate ethnography reflecting its complex topography. Yet both are regions girdled by seas and thus exposed to external commerce and colonization. At the beginning of the 5th century BCE, Etruria and Greece were vying to be the dominant colonizing power on the... More
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  The Decline of the Irish Language 1961

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  The Decline of the Irish Language 1961

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  In 1841, Irish speakers numbered some 4 million. Fifty years later, after the depredations of the Great Famine and endemic mass emigration, that number had dwindled to under 700,000. English had become not just the language of socio-economic advancement but survival. Concern at the decline sparked an attempted revival, exemplified... More