Language – The Map Archive

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African Languages c. 1000
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African Languages c. 1000
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As befits the starting point for human evolution, the African continent has incredible linguistic diversity. The aboriginal languages of much of Africa were probably similar to the Khoisan linguistic group, now almost entirely confined to the Bushmen and Hottentots in southwestern Africa. A thousand years ago, two great waves of... More
Ancient Greek Dialects
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Ancient Greek Dialects
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Proto-Greek speakers first migrated into southeastern Europe between 2200 BCE and 1600 BCE. Mycenaean Greek-speakers arrived in the second millennium BCE, settling in the southern part of the Greek mainland and in the Peloponnese. A later wave brought Ionic speakers into Attica as well as other parts of central Greece... More
Early Greece c. 1600 BCE
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Early Greece c. 1600 BCE
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In the early history of Greece there were three main dialects, Aeolic, Doric and Ionic, which corresponded to the three main tribes of the Greeks. The Aeolians lived chiefly in the eastern Aegean and on the west coast of Asia, north of Smyrna. The Ionic tribes were to be found... More
East Africa c. 1000
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East Africa c. 1000
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Two waves of settlement washed over the Great Lakes region a thousand years ago: Nilo-Saharan peoples from Sudan beginning in the 8th century, to be succeeded by Bantu from the west in the 10th century. To the east of Lake Victoria, the varied ecology gave rise to communal specialization in... More
Ethno-Linguistic Groups of the Middle East
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Ethno-Linguistic Groups of the Middle East
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The Middle East is divided into a patchwork of ethno-linguistic groups whose movements and settlement have been determined by many hundreds, even thousands, of years of migration within the region. Arabs dominate the southern areas around the Arabian Peninsula, with many neighbouring areas using Arabic as a second language. Along... More
France in 1789
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France in 1789
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In 1789, pre-revolutionary France was a jumble of mostly feudal lands, 80 per cent peasant, which had been acquired over preceding centuries. While French was the language of the north, in southern France many only spoke their regional language. The political and administrative structures of pre-revolutionary France were subject to... More
Greenburg’s Thesis: Three Basic Indian Languages
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Greenburg’s Thesis: Three Basic Indian Languages
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Joseph Greenburg’s 1987 theory proposed that all Native American languages fit into one of three overarching groups. In addition to the previously established Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene groups, in 1960 Greenburg had proposed the existence of another broad language group that he termed ‘Amerind’ and in his 1987 work he classified... More
Indian, Pakistan and Ceylon Languages c. 1950
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Indian, Pakistan and Ceylon Languages c. 1950
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After independence in 1947, English was no longer the official language of the governments in the three countries of the Indian subcontinent. By c. 1950, the Indo-Aryan languages dominated, with Urdu the lingua franca of Pakistan, and Hindi the official language of India. Urdu was also spoken in Nepal, parts... More
Indo-European Migration 5000-900 BCE
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Indo-European Migration 5000-900 BCE
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The location of the cradle of the Indo-European peoples is a matter of academic dispute. Based on a mix of archaeology and linguistic analysis, Anatolia, Armenia and the Zagros Mountains each have their proponents, but the consensus has favoured the ‘Kurgan Hypothesis. This places the zone of origin in the... More
Languages and Peoples of Islam
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Languages and Peoples of Islam
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Being Muslim does not mean that a follower is restricted to specific languages. Instead, they follow their own culture and speak the native language of the part of the world they occupy. The Quran was revealed in Arabic and many non-Arabic speaking Muslims learn Arabic in order to read an... More
Languages in Italy 5th Century BCE
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Languages in Italy 5th Century BCE
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Ancient Italy resembled the modern Caucasus, with an intricate ethnography reflecting its complex topography. Yet both are regions girdled by seas and thus exposed to external commerce and colonization. At the beginning of the 5th century BCE, Etruria and Greece were vying to be the dominant colonizing power on the... More
Linguistic Groups of China c. 1990
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Linguistic Groups of China c. 1990
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The predominant language of China, Han, with some 1.2 billion speakers, is divided into eight different dialect groups, each with hundreds of sub-dialects and variations which all belong to the Sino-Tiebetan family of languages. China’s official language, Mandarin (literally ‘the speech of officials’), is based on the language spoken by... More