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Showing 1–12 of 39 results

  • Angevin Possessions in France 1144–66

    Angevin Possessions in France 1144–66

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    The Angevin Empire was ruled over by England’s King Henry II, of the House of Plantagenet. He was the son of the Empress Matilda, who had a claim to the English throne, and was married to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. After he died she married Geoffrey of Anjou,... More
  • China 400 CE

    China 400 CE

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    Following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty (215–316 CE), there was mass migration to the south of China, to below the Yangtze River. The Eastern Jin dynasty was established; Sima Rui named himself Emperor Yuan of Jin in 317 CE and established the capital at Jiankang. The Eastern Jin’s... More
  • China 420–502 CE

    China 420–502 CE

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    The era of the great north-south divide in China is known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the north, the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms saw the powerful Tuoba clan unify the northern states and create the Northern Wei, the most influential dynasty of the whole Northern and Southern... More
  • China 560 CE

    China 560 CE

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    In 557 CE, the Chen dynasty was established after the fall of the Liang dynasty and was the fourth, and last, of the Southern Dynasties era. Southern China, however, had been crippled by years of war and, despite military victories and an exertion of power against Northern Qi, the Chen... More
  • David’s Kingdom 1000–993 BCE

    David’s Kingdom 1000–993 BCE

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    The area of David’s kingdom was the battleground of empires in antiquity, where the traditional spheres of influence of Egypt, Assyria and Babylon, met, and frequently, clashed. It was both strategically and commercially important, sitting astride the great land trade routes of the Near East: the Via Maris ran through... More
  • Edward I’s Campaigns in Scotland 1296–1303

    Edward I’s Campaigns in Scotland 1296–1303

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    In 1287 Edward I exploited Scotland’s succession crisis, following the death of King Alexander III, to impose his suzerainty; when the Scots demurred, Edward’s riposte was ruthless. Marching north in 1296, he brutally sacked Berwick, routed the Scots at Dunbar and returned to England with the Stone of Scone, the... More
  • England in 1065

    England in 1065

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    In the early part of his reign. Edward the Confessor (r. 1042–66), maintained a precarious authority over his kingdom by playing the powerful earls against one another. His judgement faltered, however, in 1051, when his predilection for appointing Normans to senior ecclesiastical positions provoked a confrontation with the Witan, his... More
  • England in 1066

    England in 1066

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    The death of Edward the Confessor in January 1066 began a complicated dispute over the succession to the English throne. Harold Godwinson, a powerful noble, became king in the absence of a viable successor amongst Edward’s broader bloodline. Meanwhile, the duke of Normandy William the Conqueror, claimed that Edward had... More
  • Europe and the Mediterranean 500 CE

    Europe and the Mediterranean 500 CE

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    For many Roman citizens the end of the empire was by no means disastrous. While the towns and infrastructure were battle-scarred and derelict, relative peace returned to the land, and it was possible to withdraw to estates, villas and farms and live a prosperous and comfortable life. In many areas... More
  • France in 1030

    France in 1030

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    The Capetian Dynasty (987–1328) began without legitimacy, significant wealth or military power. Its genius would reside in its exploitation of the Law of Escheat: the seizure – and retention – of aristocratic and ecclesiastical fiefdoms that fell vacant within its reach. This would have mattered little if the succession had... More
  • France in 1477

    France in 1477

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    With the decisive French victory at Castillon in 1453, the Hundred Years’ War with England came to an end, with the English expelled from all their French possessions except Calais. France, however, comprised a multiplicity of rival fiefdoms, and the French King Charles VII, of the House of Orléans, controlled... More
  • Francia at the death of Chlothar, 561

    Francia at the death of Chlothar, 561

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    The Frankish Kingdom founded by Clovis I was divided at his death in c. 513 between his four surviving sons, a partition which inevitably generated rivalry and conflict, but also, sometimes, cooperation. Theuderic I (485–534) ruled from Rheims and Metz, coming into conflict with the Thuringians to the northwest, conquering... More