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  Europe and the Mediterranean 476 CE

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  Europe and the Mediterranean 476 CE

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  The decline of the Roman Empire can be thought to have begun when an influx of Goths from central Europe crossed the River Danube and decisively defeated and greatly weakened the Romans’ eastern army at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. In 402 the western empire’s administration was moved from... More
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  France 1814–61

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  France 1814–61

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  After the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Bourbon Restoration in France, which became a constitutional monarchy under Louis XVIII, France’s political geography was reorganized and made uniform; it was divided into over 80 departments, many of which have survived into the 21st century, and power became more centralized. All... More
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  France in 1030

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  France in 1030

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  The Capetian Dynasty (987–1328) began without legitimacy, significant wealth or military power. Its genius would reside in its exploitation of the Law of Escheat: the seizure – and retention – of aristocratic and ecclesiastical fiefdoms that fell vacant within its reach. This would have mattered little if the succession had... More
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  Islamic Spain c. 1030

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  Islamic Spain c. 1030

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  The Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba disintegrated into a number of regional principalities in 1031 after shifting balances of power and a lengthy civil war following the death of al-Halam II in 976. The caliphate was originally established as the Emirate of Córdoba by Abd-ar-Rahman I, who was a junior member... More
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  Mysore under Sultan Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan to c. 1785

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  Mysore under Sultan Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan to c. 1785

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  Sayyid wal Sharif Hyder Ali (c. 1720–82) rose to be commander of Mysore’s army under the rule of Krishnaraja II. Eventually he came to dominate Krishnraja and his government and was given, or took, the title Sarvadhikari, chief minister. A talented administrator and tactician, he resisted the advance of the... More
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  Solomon’s Core Territories 970–931 BCE

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  Solomon’s Core Territories 970–931 BCE

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  Solomon ruled over a united kingdom of Israel, with Judah having its own political authority and special privileges. David, Solomon’s father and predecessor, had turned Edom and Moab into Israelite vassal states. After David’s death, they became rebellious and difficult to control. The core territories were the twelve provinces of... More
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  The Acquisitions of France 1601–1766

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  The Acquisitions of France 1601–1766

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  France was a dominant power in Europe during the 17th century, which was period of consolidation of French territory and acquisition of feudal territories, commencing in 1601 when Henry IV of France intervened against the Duke of Savoy, who had been plotting against him. By the Treaty of Lyon France... More