Irish History - Page 3 of 5

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Irish Plantations c. 1550–1620
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Irish Plantations c. 1550–1620
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The ‘plantations’ in Ireland were Crown-sponsored settlements of Protestant migrants on land confiscated from the unruly Irish clans. The system’s culmination occurred in Ulster under the Stuart king, James I. Here the settlement was organized by a mix of ‘Undertakers’ (wealthy colonists who ‘undertook’ to import tenants to populate and... More
Irish Pre-Famine Economy 1821–41
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Irish Pre-Famine Economy 1821–41
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After a boom during the Napoleonic Wars, Ireland’s manufacturing industries stagnated after the Act of Union (1801). Karl Marx (in the 1860s) described Ireland as ‘an agricultural district of England (to which) it yields corn, wool, cattle, industrial and military recruits’. Nevertheless, in the 1841 census, a third of the... More
Irish Railways c. 2006
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Irish Railways c. 2006
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The Irish tail network reached a peak in 1920 with close to 3,440 miles (5,500 km) of track. A long period of retrenchment and decline followed. In the Irish Civil War, anti-Treaty combatants systematically attacked the rail infrastructure, and partition disrupted service patterns, particularly for County Donegal. Poor service, owing... More
Irish Separation 1918–23
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Irish Separation 1918–23
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The General Election of December 1918 produced a landslide for the nationalist Sinn Féin party in Ireland. Many of their 73 elected MPs were in prison – without trial, though purported involvement in a ‘German Plot’. The election was heavily polarized: the second largest party was the Ulster Unionists with... More
O’Neill’s Rising 1595–1601
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O’Neill’s Rising 1595–1601
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Hugh O’ Neill was no unruly Irish chieftain. Raised within the Pale, and awarded the Earlship of Tyrone by Queen Elizabeth, he carefully planned his insurrection. From the early 1590s he stockpiled arms and recruited mercenaries. He elicited promise of support from King Philip of Spain. In 1595, he struck,... More
Percentage of Votes for Sinn Féin 1918
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Percentage of Votes for Sinn Féin 1918
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In the run-up to the 1918 election, the British government acted as Sinn Féin’s most effective recruiting sergeant. The Irish public had been alienated by the draconian response to the Easter Rising. The Home Rule negotiations at the Irish Convention were botched. Finally, attempts by Lloyd George to link Home... More
Ptolemy’s Ireland c. 100 CE
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Ptolemy’s Ireland c. 100 CE
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Ireland was known to the Greeks, at least from the voyages to the British Isles of Pytheas in the 4th century BCE. Its latinized name, Hibernia, derives from Celtic Iweriu, or ‘fertile land’. Pomponius Mela, writing in 43 CE, said it was ‘so luxuriant in grass – abundant and sweet... More
Radicalism and Rebellion in the 1790s
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Radicalism and Rebellion in the 1790s
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The American and French Revolutions were important catalysts in late 18th century Ireland. The Anglo-Protestant Ascendancy which ruled in Ireland effectively excluded both Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants from representation. The Defenders, a rural Catholic insurgent movement was active from the 1780s, but the formation (1791) of the Society of United... More
Settlement in the Lordship of Meath c. 1200
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Settlement in the Lordship of Meath c. 1200
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Hugh de Lacy was a substantial landholder in the Welsh Marches when he accompanied Henry II on his invasion of Ireland (1171). The following year, he was deputed to receive the submission of Rory O’ Connor, the High King of Ireland to Henry and, mission accomplished, was rewarded with the... More
Sinn Féin Anti-treaty 1922
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Sinn Féin Anti-treaty 1922
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The 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty ended the two-year Irish War of Independence and established an independent Ireland, with the six counties of Ulster remaining British. Because the new Irish Free State remained a British dominion, there was tension between anti and pro-Treaty Sinn Féin, with anti-Treaty Sinn Féin wanting full separation... More
Sinn Féin Pro-Treaty 1922
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Sinn Féin Pro-Treaty 1922
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On 6 December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty established the Irish Free State and ended the two-year Irish War of Independence. Ireland was an independent country and the temporary north-south partition was now permanent, with the six counties of Ulster opting to remain part of Britain. The Irish Free State was... More
Spread of the Black Death in Ireland 1348–50
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Spread of the Black Death in Ireland 1348–50
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On Europe’s periphery, Ireland was a late recipient of the Black Death. It arrived first in the port of Drogheda in August 1348, but spread rapidly: soon, a 100 a day were dying in Dublin. It also entered the country through the southern ports of Waterford, Cork, New Ross and... More