Irish History - Page 2 of 5

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Elizabethan Ireland
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Elizabethan Ireland
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Henry VIII – atypically – adopted a conciliatory policy of ‘amiable persuasions’ in Ireland, after first executing the rebel ‘Silken Thomas’ Fitzgerald. Elizabeth’s policy, through her Lords Deputy, became more assertive, beginning with the attempted subjugation of Leinster, through ‘plantations’ of settlers. This provoked guerrilla warfare from the displaced clans;... More
Flight to the South, Ireland’s First Railway 1834
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Flight to the South, Ireland’s First Railway 1834
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Not everyone was enamoured by the prospect of Ireland’s first railway. Lord Cloncurry, who had been imprisoned in the Tower of London on suspicion of treason after the Irish rebellion of 1798 and owned property at Blackrock, demanded compensation including a private footbridge, a hedge for privacy, and a Romanesque... More
Gaelic Culture Survives War, Politics, Plague 1348
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Gaelic Culture Survives War, Politics, Plague 1348
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The density of the black rat population and their plague-bearing fleas determined the spread of the plague. In Ireland it hit first, and hardest, in the Anglo-Norman ports of the south and east, then devastating their close-settled hinterlands. Gaelic Ireland was not immune, but its relative poverty and sparse settlement... More
Ireland in June 1922
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Ireland in June 1922
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The revolutionary leader, soldier and politician Michael Collins argued that the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) gave Ireland ‘the freedom to achieve freedom’. He also told his counterparty, Lord Birkenhead, that by signing it he had signed his own ‘death warrant’. This would prove prophetic: he was ambushed and killed by anti-Treaty... More
Ireland’s Railways by 1900
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Ireland’s Railways by 1900
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After the first line was opened in Dublin (1834), Ireland’s railway system expanded rapidly. At its peak, post-World War I, the network covered 3,500 miles (5,600 km). The gauge used for track was standardized in 1843. Pressure to coordinate railway timetabling resulted in the Definition of Time Act (1880), whereby... More
Irish Catholicism 1793–1902
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Irish Catholicism 1793–1902
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The early 19th century witnessed a resurgence in the Irish Catholic Church, characterized by a cathedral-building boom, rising numbers of clergy, and an accompanying ‘devotional’ revolution. The turnaround began with the phased removal of the anti Catholic Penal Laws (1778–93), and an important engine was Maynooth Seminary, north of Dublin,... More
Irish Churchmen and Scholars in Europe
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Irish Churchmen and Scholars in Europe
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Traces of the earliest Irish missionaries in Europe come in fabular form through the fog of the early Dark Ages. St Fridolin is reported to have founded churches and abbeys as far afield as Switzerland in the early 6th century. The origin of many of the early missions was St... More
Irish Dynasties and English Settlement c. 1300
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Irish Dynasties and English Settlement c. 1300
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Dermot MacMurrough, King of Leinster, who had been exiled by Rory O’Connor, the High King of Ireland, originally invited the Normans to Ireland. Despite O’Connor’s grand title, Ireland was by then divided between warring fiefdoms, and ripe for conquest when MacMurrough returned (1167) with Norman support under Richard Strongbow, Earl... More
Irish Economy to 1841
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Irish Economy to 1841
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The Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815) created boom conditions. Insulated from the continent-wide conflict, Ireland’s agricultural sector, which exported meat and increasingly grain, benefited from escalating food prices. Landowners converted pasture to tillage to become Britain’s ‘bread-basket’, using ‘cottier’ tenant farmers and ‘conacre’ labourers, who subsisted on high-yield potato crops on progressively... More
Irish Emigration 1690–1845
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Irish Emigration 1690–1845
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In 1836, half the population of Newfoundland was of Irish descent, overwhelmingly Catholics from Munster who had originally participated in the seasonal trans-Atlantic fisheries. High rents, enclosure, and rapacious agents of absentee landlords created endemic unrest in rural Ireland, exemplified by secret societies like the Ribbonmen and White Boys, and... More
Irish General Election 1918
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Irish General Election 1918
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Eamonn De Valera was a commander in the Easter Rising, narrowly escaping execution. Sentenced instead to life imprisonment, he was abruptly released by amnesty in 1917, and, as a rare surviving rebel leader, was promptly elected leader of Sinn Féin, now the political vehicle of the rebel cause. The 1918... More
Irish in America 1850–1929
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Irish in America 1850–1929
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Early Irish immigration was predominantly Presbyterian, and often gravitated to the frontiers of the time. The Great Famine (1848–52) triggered a massive increase in immigration, which was overwhelmingly Catholic. The newer arrivals usually settled in major urban centres, particularly New York, Boston and Philadelphia. The New England mill towns and... More