Invasion – Page 18 – The Map Archive

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The Rise of Prussia 1618–1713
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The Rise of Prussia 1618–1713
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The ‘Great Elector’, Frederick William (1640–88), came to power with Brandenburg-Prussia in ruins from the multiple invasions of the Thirty Years’ War. His father, George William, while trying to claim neutrality, had been forced to espouse, at various points, both the Catholic and Protestant cause and consequently had his lands... More
The Rise of Prussia, 1713–1795
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The Rise of Prussia, 1713–1795
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Frederick William I became king of Prussia in 1713. He centralized the Prussian state and took possession of West Pomerania in a 1720 settlement with Sweden. He increased the army and invested in commerce and industry. His successor and son, Frederick II, ‘Frederick the Great’ (r. 1740–86), immediately conquered prosperous... More
The Roman Empire, Losses to 450
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The Roman Empire, Losses to 450
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After reaching its maximum extent under Trajan, the Roman Empire began a gradual decline from 117 CE onwards. Lowland Scotland between Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall was abandoned as a permanent area of settlement around 185 CE because the resources needed to defend the area outweighed the benefits. Similarly,... More
The Seven Years’ War 1756–63
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The Seven Years’ War 1756–63
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The pugnacious Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Silesia from the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire in the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48). The determination of Austria to regain Silesia, coupled with Britain’s determination to safeguard the Hanoverian homeland of their monarchy, led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, and the... More
The Sinai Front 6–7 June 1967
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The Sinai Front 6–7 June 1967
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Israel commenced the war against Egypt with a devastating pre-emptive airstrike on the morning of 5 June, successfully destroying the bulk of the Egyptian air force. They further wrongfooted the Egyptians by orienting their main assault on Sinai to the north (in the Suez Crisis of 1956, their main thrust... More
The Six-Day War – Israeli Attack, 5–10 June 1967
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The Six-Day War – Israeli Attack, 5–10 June 1967
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Following previous Israeli clashes with Syria and Jordan, Egypt amassed troops near the Israeli border and ordered the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Forces in the area from 19 May. Following this escalation, the Straits of Tiran, separating the Gulf of Aqaba from the Red Sea, were closed to... More
The Theban Monarchy c. 1524–1514 BCE
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The Theban Monarchy c. 1524–1514 BCE
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Only decades after facing near annihilation from the depredations of the Hyksos from the north and the Kushites from the south, the first two rulers of the 18th Dynasty accomplished a stunning turnaround. Kamose, the founder, in a brief reign drove the Hyksos back into their Nile delta strongholds and... More
The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade 900–1500
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The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade 900–1500
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Both Muslims and Christians engaged in the slave trade in the Middle Ages, with the only general prohibition being enslavement or trading of co-religionists. The Muslim kingdoms of North Africa dominated trans-Saharan trade was dominated, using as their intermediaries the various African empires that grew to occupy the western and... More
The Treaties of Roskilde, Copenhagen, Oliva and Kardis 1658–61
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The Treaties of Roskilde, Copenhagen, Oliva and Kardis 1658–61
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The martial King Charles X was appointed commander of Swedish forces in the Thirty Years’ War, just months before the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) was agreed, snuffing out his hopes of glory. He ascended the Swedish throne in 1654, impatient for conquest, and soon declared war on the Polish/Lithuanian commonwealth,... More
The Umayyad Caliphate by 750
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The Umayyad Caliphate by 750
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The first of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad was the Rashidun (632–61), which was characterized by a period of rapid military expansion in the Middle East and North Africa, followed by a five-year period of civil war between the Caliph Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, and Muawiyah,... More
The Viking Attempt to Seize the English Throne 1066
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The Viking Attempt to Seize the English Throne 1066
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The death of Edward the Confessor ignited a battle of succession for the English throne. While Harold Godwinson had been elected king by the assembly of nobles, his younger brother Tostig had enlisted Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, to support his counterclaim. Sailing up the River Ouse, the Norse invaders... More
The Viking River Road to Constantinople
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The Viking River Road to Constantinople
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Vikings from Sweden first established a settlement at Aldeigjuborg on Lake Ladoga in the late 8th century. The legendary ruler Rurik reputedly founded Novgorod in around 860. The location was a natural trading nexus bestriding the headwaters of the Dvina, Dneister and Volga Rivers flowing respectively to the Baltic, Black... More