Invasion - Page 14 of 20 - The Map Archive

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The Battle of Gaugamela, 1 October 331 BCE
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The Battle of Gaugamela, 1 October 331 BCE
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After losing the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, Darius III fled the battlefield in such haste that his army headquarters staff was captured, including the royal family, his wife and two daughters. He retreated eastward into the Achaemenid Persian Empire’s heartlands, where he could set about raising new armies... More
The Battle of Granicus, May 334 BCE
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The Battle of Granicus, May 334 BCE
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King Philip II of Macedonia had conceived a plan to attack the Persian Achaemenid Empire, which was in disarray after the murder of its king, Artaxerxes, in 338 BCE. In the spring of 336 BCE he sent ahead an advance force to seize a bridgehead on the Asian side of... More
The Battle of the Azores 1582–83
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The Battle of the Azores 1582–83
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The Azores was one of the last parts of the Portuguese overseas empire to resist the Spanish king, Phillip II. António, Prior of Crato, an exiled claimant to the Portuguese throne, secured support from the English and French to sail a fleet to the islands. Under the command of Filippo... More
The Borders 1500–1600
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The Borders 1500–1600
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The Marches along the Scots/English borders were first formally defined in 1249, with the intention of creating a buffer zone between the perpetually warring kingdoms. In practice, it meant the clans either side of the border were able to raid with impunity, by alternating their allegiances. The modern word ‘blackmail’... More
The British Isles in 550 CE
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The British Isles in 550 CE
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Between 550–600 CE, the Angle and Saxon kingdoms were established on the east and south coasts of England. The Romano-British territories had disappeared or splintered, due to internal fighting and inheritance laws that divided land between all surviving sons. The Germanic people (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) first arrived as mercenaries... More
The Bruce Invasion 1315–18
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The Bruce Invasion 1315–18
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The motives for the invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce, younger brother of Robert, the king of the Scots, are tangled. He was either opening up a second front in elder brother Robert’s war with England or attempting to seize his own kingdom. The Scots army disembarked at Larne in... More
The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Turks 1355
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The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Turks 1355
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Greatly fragmented and weakened by the Fourth Crusade of 1204 and its aftermath, the Byzantine Empire shrank considerably during the ensuing century. The Palaiologos dynasty, which reasserted Greek Orthodox control of Constantinople in 1261, concentrated on rebuilding the city and, to assuage the Latins, swore allegiance to Rome, but paid... More
The Campaigns of Ramesses II c. 1276–1270 BCE
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The Campaigns of Ramesses II c. 1276–1270 BCE
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Although the Ancient Egyptian propaganda machine declared Ramesses II’s Kadesh campaigns a victory, neither the Hittites or Egyptians were victors. In year 4 of his kingship, Ramesses reclaimed the Hittite vassal kingdom of Kadesh, installing the elite Ne’arim mercenaries to hold the port at Sumur. During year 5, the Hittites... More
The Campaigns of Xerxes 480 BCE
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The Campaigns of Xerxes 480 BCE
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The most well-known campaigns of the Persian emperor, Xerxes, were fought during his invasion of Greece in 480 BCE. These were the battles of Thermopylae, Artemisium and Salamis. In 485 BCE, Xerxes acceded to the throne upon the death of his father, Darius the Great. Xerxes inherited a Persian empire... More
The Celtic Invasion of Italy c. 400–170 BCE
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The Celtic Invasion of Italy c. 400–170 BCE
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At the battle of Allia (390 BCE), the Roman army was destroyed by a confederacy of Celtic tribes, led by the Senones under Brennus. The Celts went on to lay waste to Rome, before being routed by the exiled Roman general Camillus. The germ of future greatness can be seen... More
The Celtic Migration into the Balkans 330–278 BCE
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The Celtic Migration into the Balkans 330–278 BCE
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In the 4th century BCE, the Celts moved out of their German heartland south into Italy and east into the Danube basin. The eastern advance was spearheaded by the Boii and Volcae confederacies, who scented richer pickings in the southern Balkans. By the century’s end, the Illyrians, Paionians and Triballi... More
The Collapse of Mycenae c. 1200 BCE
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The Collapse of Mycenae c. 1200 BCE
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Mycenaean civilization reached a peak in about 1300 BCE, but just a century later the palaces were abandoned and villages were burned. Traditional accounts theorized that the Mycenaean centres were destroyed by invading Dorian invaders, but archaeological evidence now seems to point to a range of factors, including: drought, harvest... More