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Showing 1–12 of 122 results

  • Alexandria 619

    Alexandria 619

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    Alexandria 619

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    The Sassanid Empire poised itself for an invasion of Byzantine Egypt following its victories in the eastern Byzantine territories of Syria and Palestine. After entering Egypt in 617, the Sassanids reached its capital Alexandria in 619. Sources describing the battle for the city are scarce and give varying accounts of... More
  • Attica c. 480 BCE

    Attica c. 480 BCE

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    Attica c. 480 BCE

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    When the Persian king, Xerxes I, invaded Greece in 480 BCE he was at the head of a vast Persian force of close to 300,000. Xerxes’ juggernaut army struck fear and terror in the Greek city-states. After the Spartan defeat at Thermopylae, Xerxes’ land route to Athens was undefended. It... More
  • Axis Occupation Zones of Greece 1941–43

    Axis Occupation Zones of Greece 1941–43

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    Axis Occupation Zones of Greece 1941–43

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    Italian forces initially invaded in October 1940. The Hellenic Army performed well, driving the Italians back towards their protectorate, Albania. But this left them hopelessly exposed to a trademark German Blitzkrieg in April, 1941. By June, the conquest was complete, and Greece was parcelled up between the Axis powers: Germany... More
  • Barbarian Invasions 450 CE

    Barbarian Invasions 450 CE

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    Barbarian Invasions 450 CE

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    The word 'barbarian’ was used first by Greek and then by Roman historians to denote peoples whose languages they could not understand, hearing them as stammerers ("bar-bar-bar..."). The word came by association to mean groups or tribes whom the Romans viewed as primitive, uncivilized and outside their culture and control.... More
  • Battle of Gaugamela 331 BCE

    Battle of Gaugamela 331 BCE

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    Battle of Gaugamela 331 BCE

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    On 1 October, 331 BCE, Alexander III of Macedon defeated the Persian king, Darius III, for the final time. Determined to crush Alexander after a defeat in 333 BCE, Darius mobilized his army in Gaugamela, Assyria. This site was chosen by Darius because its open terrain perfectly accommodated his vast... More
  • Battle of Halidon Hill 1333

    Battle of Halidon Hill 1333

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    Battle of Halidon Hill 1333

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    Newly crowned Edward III was defeated by Robert the Bruce, king of the Scots, and forced to agree the humiliating Treaty of Northampton (1328). Smarting for revenge, upon Bruce’s death Edward proclaimed Bruce’s old enemy Edward Balliol king of Scotland and prepared for war, besieging Berwick. Sir Archibald Douglas, the... More
  • Battle of Hastings 1066

    Battle of Hastings 1066

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    Battle of Hastings 1066

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    Harald Hardrada was the foremost warrior of his age, king of Norway, veteran of the Kievan Rus and ex-commander of the Byzantine Varangian Guard. The last Anglo-Saxon ruler of England, King Harold, annihilated Hardrada’s army at Stamford Bridge. Hardrada and his ally, Harold’s faithless brother Tostig, were both slain, ending... More
  • Battle of Issus, 5 November 333 BCE

    Battle of Issus, 5 November 333 BCE

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    Battle of Issus, 5 November 333 BCE

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    On learning of Alexander’s advance into Syria, Darius III of Persia moved his army of 100,000 – possibly more – men into a position behind the Macedonian line of march near the ancient settlement of Issus, close to the modern city of Iskenderun near the southern border of modern day... More
  • Battle of Lake Peipus 1242

    Battle of Lake Peipus 1242

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    Battle of Lake Peipus 1242

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    When a corpulent German missionary visited the bear-worshipping Ugaunians of Estonia, they drew lots to decide whether to sacrifice him or an ox to their gods. He was lucky; but his successor, warrior-bishop Herman Buxhoeveden, needed no luck, using force of arms to establish the bishopric of Dorpat. Meanwhile, the... More
  • Battle of Marathon 490 BCE

    Battle of Marathon 490 BCE

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    Battle of Marathon 490 BCE

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    The Greek victory against the Persians at Marathon in Attica in September 490 BCE was a defining moment in the formation of a confident and powerful Greece. The Persians outnumbered the Greeks by more than 2:1, but the 10,000 Greeks refused to be daunted. The Persians, determined to crush the... More
  • Battle of Mycale 479 BCE

    Battle of Mycale 479 BCE

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    Battle of Mycale 479 BCE

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    After their Salamis defeat, the Persian fleet sailed towards Asia Minor in 479 BCE. En route they ‘rested’ off Samos island in Persian-occupied Ionia (modern Turkey). However, the tyrant ruler of Samos, Theomestor, who had fought against the Persians at Salamis, alerted the Greek fleet, still stationed at Salamis, to... More
  • Battle of the Hydaspes River 325 BCE

    Battle of the Hydaspes River 325 BCE

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    Battle of the Hydaspes River 325 BCE

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    Alexander’s campaign to conquer the Persian Empire had begun in the spring of 334 BCE and was successfully concluded 328 BCE with the defeat of Bessos, the Satrap of Bactria, and the Sogdian warlord Spitamenes. Alexander then launched a campaign into the Indian subcontinent in 327 BCE. His army was... More