Exploration - Page 3 of 4 - The Map Archive

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Overland Trails 1834–80
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Overland Trails 1834–80
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The ‘Queen City of the Trails’, Independence was the furthest westward point navigable to steamboats on the Missouri River. Thereafter, migrant trails used fur-trading forts as their way-stations. Fort Laramie became known as ‘Camp Sacrifice’, because travellers abandoned so many of their less portable goods there. Fort Kearny was set... More
Ptolemy’s Ireland c. 100 CE
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Ptolemy’s Ireland c. 100 CE
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Ireland was known to the Greeks, at least from the voyages to the British Isles of Pytheas in the 4th century BCE. Its latinized name, Hibernia, derives from Celtic Iweriu, or ‘fertile land’. Pomponius Mela, writing in 43 CE, said it was ‘so luxuriant in grass – abundant and sweet... More
Settlement of the Pacific
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Settlement of the Pacific
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Around 50,000 years ago lower sea levels produced a contiguous landmass in western Indonesia from which early humans island-hopped to the then-fused New Guinea and Australia. The next plunge, into the Pacific, began in around 1500 BCE, possibly linked to the evolution of the twin hulled sailing canoe. Roughly contemporaneous... More
Spanish Explorations 1513–1605
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Spanish Explorations 1513–1605
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Spanish expeditions into North America paled by comparison with the spectacular, and fabulously lucrative, conquests of the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas of South America. The Spanish Crown seemed to think so, and was willing to trade its North American territories in treaties with other European powers of the... More
Spanish Explorers 1774–1808
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Spanish Explorers 1774–1808
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Spanish explorers were accustomed to finding new trails across difficult terrain, as they accompanied padres to their missions and established cordial relations with the Native Americans, whose lands had to be crossed to reach Spanish settlements. The Spanish also wanted to enlist the help of Native American tribes in obstructing... More
The Exploration and Settlement of Canada 1600–10
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The Exploration and Settlement of Canada 1600–10
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Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit, a French naval and military captain, built the oldest surviving French settlement in North America at Tadoussac (1600). In 1604 French settlers established the colony of Arcadia on the land surrounding the Gulf of St Lawrence. On Ste Croix Island the French explorer Pierre Dugua,... More
The Known World in 1490
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The Known World in 1490
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Europeans had travelled overland as far as China in search of wealth and trade. The 13th-century journey of the Venetian Marco Polo, who had travelled through along the ancient Silk Road, through Central Asia to China, where he had spent many years at the court of the Mongol Emperor Kublai... More
The Known World in 1550
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The Known World in 1550
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The voyages of Christopher Columbus, who stumbled on the coast of America in 1492 when he was sailing westward to seek a passage to Asia on behalf of the Spanish court, stimulated the Portuguese to redouble their efforts to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope to Asia. In 1498... More
The Known World in 1800
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The Known World in 1800
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The European exploration of the Atlantic, and the huge appetite for essential manpower for the economic exploitation of new colonies in the Americas, led to the emergence of the African slave trade in the 17th century. European slavers founded slaving colonies on the African coast, but did not penetrate far... More
The Surveys of King and Wheeler 1867–73
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The Surveys of King and Wheeler 1867–73
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By 1869, four separate surveys were being conducted in the American West by an eclectic selection of leaders. Clarence King, commissioned to map around the 40th parallel, was a civilian geologist, while George Wheeler was an army engineer. Also active were John Wesley Powell, an autodidact Professor of Geology, and... More
The Voyages of James Cook 1768–80
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The Voyages of James Cook 1768–80
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Despite Cook’s demonstration of the dimensions of Australia in his first voyage, contemporary scientists believed the real Terra Australis was bigger still and further south. In 1772, he was commissioned to find it. His expedition visited a number of Polynesian islands, and discovered the bellicose propensities of the Maori tribes.... More
The World According to Ptolemy 100 CE
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The World According to Ptolemy 100 CE
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The maps of the Greek writer and Roman citizen Ptolemy have not survived in their original form; those we have are medieval reconstructions. An accomplished astronomer and mathematician, he understood that the world of which he was aware was a fraction of the total. There are also substantial inaccuracies in... More