Environment – Page 3 – The Map Archive

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The Jurassic World 220–145 million years ago
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The Jurassic World 220–145 million years ago
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The Jurassic period saw the continuation of the breakup of the primordial supercontinent, Pangea. A large southern continent, Gondwanaland, was balanced by a northern continental cluster, Laurasia. Here intense submarine volcanic activity caused the spreading of the ocean floor, in turn triggering subductions that would ultimately extrude the Andean, Tibetan... More
The Late Cretaceous World 70 million years ago
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The Late Cretaceous World 70 million years ago
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By the late Cretaceous, the continents were beginning to assume their broad modern alignment. The Americas were drifting westwards, causing the Atlantic Ocean to widen. India was still in the early stages of its northward migration, berthed alongside Madagascar. Australia was still attached to the Antarctic residue of the ancient... More
The Lower Carboniferous World 350–315 million years ago
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The Lower Carboniferous World 350–315 million years ago
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In the Lower Carboniferous, high sea levels meant that the northern hemisphere was almost devoid of land. The island of Angaraland was the only significant landmass north of the equatorial zone. Laurentia, comprising what would become North America and northern Europe, was still separated by straits from the main landmass... More
The Lower Devonian World 410–380 million years ago
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The Lower Devonian World 410–380 million years ago
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In the Lower Devonian, a secondary supercontinent to Gondwanaland was formed by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica; amongst its repercussions were the raising of the Appalachian and Caledonian Mountains. The two early supercontinents were encircled by subduction zones that would lead, eventually, to the creation of the supercontinent of... More
The Ordovician World 500–440 million years ago
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The Ordovician World 500–440 million years ago
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During the Ordovician, there were no landmasses in the northern hemisphere, which was entirely covered by the global ocean of Panthalassa. The southern continents were fused into the supercontinent Gondwanaland, which started the period abutting the equator, but drifted steadily southward. To the west of Gondwana, between the equator and... More
The Permian World 290–250 million years ago
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The Permian World 290–250 million years ago
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The early Permian saw the collision of the landmasses of Laurentia and Gondwanaland. This was followed by the fusion of proto Siberia, Angara, to form the vast proto continent, Pangea, surrounded by the ocean of Panthalassa. At the same time, the constituents of modern South and East Asia sheared from... More
The Silurian Word 440–410 million years ago
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The Silurian Word 440–410 million years ago
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During the Silurian period the giant southern supercontinent arced upwards through a broad peninsula, formed by Antarctica and Australia, which straddled the equator. While there was no major volcanic activity at this time, the smaller landmasses of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia, composing what would become North America, steadily converged together.... More
The Struggle for Water 1950–1967
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The Struggle for Water 1950–1967
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With the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, much of the regional water supply sourced from the River Jordan and Lake Tiberias came under dispute, as the large influx of people to Israel massively increased demand for water. The especially high salinity of the Dead Sea, along with... More
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933
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The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933
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An earlier project for damming the Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals, Alabama had ended up ‘a muscle-bound white elephant’. So President Roosevelt was treading vexatious territory when he called upon Congress to create ‘a corporate clothed with the power of government but possessed of the flexibility and initiative of private... More
The Triassic World 250–200 million years ago
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The Triassic World 250–200 million years ago
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Almost all the earth’s landmass was conjoined in a vast C-shaped continent astride the Equator: Pangea. Surrounding it was Panthalassa, a vast ocean twice the breadth of the modern Pacific from which protruded the Tethys Ocean, a huge gulf forming the mouth of Pangea’s ‘C’. Much of present South and... More
The Upper Carboniferous World 315–290 million years ago
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The Upper Carboniferous World 315–290 million years ago
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In the Upper Carboniferous, the fusion of Laurentia with Gondwanaland forced up ranges of mountains through the Appalachian–Hercynian orogeny (a mountain-building process). Of the resulting landmass, only the land that is now North America sat astride the equator, with Angaraland, containing present day Siberia/Kazakhstan a large island to the north.... More
The Upper Devonian World 380–350 million years ago
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The Upper Devonian World 380–350 million years ago
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The Upper Devonian had significantly higher sea levels than today, with most of the Earth’s surface covered by the vast Panthalassa Ocean. Proto Europe and North America existed as islands skirting the continent of Laurentia, which had collided with Baltica in the Lower Devonian. The main landmass, Gondwanaland, lay to... More