Disease

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  Gaelic Culture Survives War, Politics, Plague 1348

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  Gaelic Culture Survives War, Politics, Plague 1348

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  The density of the black rat population and their plague-bearing fleas determined the spread of the plague. In Ireland it hit first, and hardest, in the Anglo-Norman ports of the south and east, then devastating their close-settled hinterlands. Gaelic Ireland was not immune, but its relative poverty and sparse settlement... More
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  Spread of the Black Death in Ireland 1348–50

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  Spread of the Black Death in Ireland 1348–50

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  On Europe’s periphery, Ireland was a late recipient of the Black Death. It arrived first in the port of Drogheda in August 1348, but spread rapidly: soon, a 100 a day were dying in Dublin. It also entered the country through the southern ports of Waterford, Cork, New Ross and... More
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  The Beginning of AIDS early 1980s

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  The Beginning of AIDS early 1980s

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  In 1981, the first cases of what is now known as AIDs (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) emerged in California and New York. It manifested itself as a rare pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia – PCP) in four previously healthy gay men in California, and Kaposi’s Sarcoma, an unusually aggressive cancer, amongst... More
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  The Black Death in the British Isles 1348–51

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  The Black Death in the British Isles 1348–51

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  The plague arrived in the British Isles, via a Gascon sailor, in Melcombe in Dorset in June 1348. The first city to witness its ‘grievous ornament’, the tell-tale black pustules or ‘buboes’, would be Bristol. London’s outbreak coincided with Candlemas (1 November); by the following July it had reached Durham.... More
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  The Black Death, 1346–53

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  The Black Death, 1346–53

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  The Black Death, which is believed to have originated near China or the Mongolian steppes, was a catastrophic outbreak of plague that resulted in an estimated 25 million deaths across Europe alone. Caused by bacteria transmitted by rat-borne fleas, the disease took hold in both urban and rural areas and... More
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  The Disappearing Aral Sea 1973–2004

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  The Disappearing Aral Sea 1973–2004

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  Until 1973, the Aral Sea in southern Kazakhstan was the fourth largest saline lake in the world. By 2004, it had lost 80 per cent of its volume, with a steep rise in surface salinity. The shrinkage began with the diversion of its feeder rivers in the 1960s by Soviet... More
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  The Great Famine 1845–51

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  The Great Famine 1845–51

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  The Great Irish famine resulted in over a million deaths, from diseases such as cholera and dysentery, as well as starvation. Its cause, potato blight, had originated in America and spread widely throughout Europe, but nowhere were its effects as catastrophic as in Ireland. Through absent landowners and grasping agents,... More