Climate Change

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  Exploration of The Northwest and East Passages 1903–34

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  Exploration of The Northwest and East Passages 1903–34

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  The Northwest and East Passages are Arctic shipping routes connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific.  Explorers had been looking for faster trading routes from Europe to Asia through the Arctic since the mid-1500s. Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen first traversed the Northwest Passage, through the Canadian Arctic archipelago, in 1902–05. It... More
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  North America 18,000 years ago to 2000 CE

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  North America 18,000 years ago to 2000 CE

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  The most recent ice age reached its peak some 20,000 years ago with sea-levels some 400 feet (120 m) lower than today. For most of North America this added a ‘sleeve’ of additional land to its coastlines, but crucially, a landbridge was created over the Bering Sea, permitting the first... More
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  North American Vegetation 1990–2100

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  North American Vegetation 1990–2100

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  Climate affects ecosystems and the response of terrestrial vegetation to accelerated climate change (global warming) has been predicted using climate models, calculated with the help of computer programs. It has been projected that, by c. 2100, much of North America’s forests will have vanished and dry grassland will spread northwards,... More
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  Prehistoric Egypt c. 5000–3000 BCE

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  Prehistoric Egypt c. 5000–3000 BCE

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  From c. 5000 BCE, drought and the desertification of northeast Africa caused nomadic cattle herders to gravitate toward the Nile flood plains, creating separate kingdoms spanning the Nubian desert to the delta. The first settlements kept livestock, practised agriculture and used simple clay pottery. Excavations show that in the Early... More
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  The Cambrian World 535–500 million years ago

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  The Cambrian World 535–500 million years ago

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  The Cambrian period succeeded the breakup of the global supercontinent, Pannotia. Its remaining contiguous landmass, Gondwanaland, stretched from the southern polar regions to the Tropic of Cancer. To the west, a ribbon of continents straddled the southern tropics: Avalonia, Baltica, Siberia, and Laurentia. The overall mean global temperatures in the... More
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  The Cretaceous World 145–65 million years ago

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  The Cretaceous World 145–65 million years ago

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  During the Cretaceous period, sea levels were higher than at any other time in terrestrial history, flooding the continental margins and creating vast, warm shallow seas teeming with marine life. Their skeletal remains became the signature deposits of chalk and marine limestone that characterize the Cretaceous, and from which its... More
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  The Late Cretaceous World 70 million years ago

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  The Late Cretaceous World 70 million years ago

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  By the late Cretaceous, the continents were beginning to assume their broad modern alignment. The Americas were drifting westwards, causing the Atlantic Ocean to widen. India was still in the early stages of its northward migration, berthed alongside Madagascar. Australia was still attached to the Antarctic residue of the ancient... More
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  The World 50 Million Years Ago

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  The World 50 Million Years Ago

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  In the Eocene, commencing around 56 million years ago, the continents began to assume their modern configuration. Australia calved from the Antarctic portion of the old supercontinent of Gondwanaland, trapping a cold current round Antarctica, which would eventually become circumpolar with the separation of South America. India’s collision with Siberia... More