Environment - The Map Archive

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Exploration of The Northwest and East Passages 1903–34
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Exploration of The Northwest and East Passages 1903–34
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The Northwest and East Passages are Arctic shipping routes connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific. Explorers had been looking for faster trading routes from Europe to Asia through the Arctic since the mid-1500s. Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen first traversed the Northwest Passage, through the Canadian Arctic archipelago, in 1902–05. It... More
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 1989
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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 1989
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The Exxon Valdez supertanker was carrying 50 million tons of crude oil when, while attempting to navigate Prince William Sound in Alaska, it collided with the Bligh Reef on 24 March 1989, causing a spillage that would eventually reached 11 million gallons. At the time, it was the worst oil... More
Gaelic Culture Survives War, Politics, Plague 1348
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Gaelic Culture Survives War, Politics, Plague 1348
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The density of the black rat population and their plague-bearing fleas determined the spread of the plague. In Ireland it hit first, and hardest, in the Anglo-Norman ports of the south and east, then devastating their close-settled hinterlands. Gaelic Ireland was not immune, but its relative poverty and sparse settlement... More
Great Fire of London 1666
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Great Fire of London 1666
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Restoration London was built for a bonfire. Crowded, thatched wooden houses were crammed alongside tarpaper shanties. Many citizens stored gunpowder, and chandlers piled barrels of it along the waterfront. When fire broke out in a bakery on Pudding Lane, heat, high winds, and a long drought quickly combined to create... More
Hurricane Katrina 2005
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Hurricane Katrina 2005
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The Atlantic hurricane season of 2005 was the most active and devastating on record. Hurricane Katrina first emerged over the Bahamas on 23 August before moving west, clipping southern Florida. At this stage it was a category 1 storm on the Saffir-Sampson scale with wind speeds of 74–95 miles (119–154... More
Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
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Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
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The tsunami was triggered by one of the most powerful (9.3 on the Richter scale) and longest (almost 10 minutes) earthquakes ever recorded, with a force 1,500 times the atom bomb at Hiroshima. Its epicentre was off the west coast of Sumatra and the rupture along a tectonic plate subduction... More
Mean Temperature in Fahrenheit
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Mean Temperature in Fahrenheit
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The varied climatic zones of the US is affected by latitude and geographical features. High elevation northern areas, such the mountain ranges in Colorado and northern California, have an alpine climate. The semi-arid and desert areas in southwestern USA have hot summers and warm winters, with summers like those of... More
National Parks and Forests 1872–1986
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National Parks and Forests 1872–1986
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The American National Park Service was established by President Woodrow Wilson (1916) to manage the network of parks that had begun to be reserved. Yosemite was placed under the protection of the state of California by Abraham Lincoln (1864), but the first genuinely National Park come into being when Yellowstone... More
North America 18,000 years ago to 2000 CE
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North America 18,000 years ago to 2000 CE
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The most recent ice age reached its peak some 20,000 years ago with sea-levels some 400 feet (120 m) lower than today. For most of North America this added a ‘sleeve’ of additional land to its coastlines, but crucially, a landbridge was created over the Bering Sea, permitting the first... More
North American Vegetation 1990–2100
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North American Vegetation 1990–2100
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Climate affects ecosystems and the response of terrestrial vegetation to accelerated climate change (global warming) has been predicted using climate models, calculated with the help of computer programs. It has been projected that, by c. 2100, much of North America’s forests will have vanished and dry grassland will spread northwards,... More
Prehistoric Egypt c. 5000–3000 BCE
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Prehistoric Egypt c. 5000–3000 BCE
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From c. 5000 BCE, drought and the desertification of northeast Africa caused nomadic cattle herders to gravitate toward the Nile flood plains, creating separate kingdoms spanning the Nubian desert to the delta. The first settlements kept livestock, practised agriculture and used simple clay pottery. Excavations show that in the Early... More
Russian Federation – Physical
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Russian Federation – Physical
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Prior to its dissolution in 1991, the USSR was 24.4 million square miles (63 million square Km) and covered a sixth of the world’s land surface. It straddles two continents, Europe and Asia, with the Ural Mountains, running through Chelyabinsk and Perm, acting as a partition. Russia has vast natural... More