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Showing 85–96 of 262 results

  • Imperial Rome c. 117 CE

    Imperial Rome c. 117 CE

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    Imperial Rome c. 117 CE

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    The Roman Empire Hadrian inherited from Trajan in 117 CE was at its political and social peak. It was the largest empire in western civilization and covered a swathe of territories, extending from Britannia to Mesopotamia. The empire had begun life as a republic and was greatly extended under Julius... More
  • Inca Empire 1438–1525

    Inca Empire 1438–1525

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    Inca Empire 1438–1525

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    The Inca Empire mushroomed from the city-state of Cuzco in the Peruvian Andes, under the ruler Pachacuti (1438–71). He organized their territory into four administrative regions: Chinchasuyu, Cuntisuyu, Antisuyu and Collasuyu, and masterminded a tried and tested method of territorial aggrandizement. This involved bribing the rulers of target states with... More
  • India 1805

    India 1805

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    India 1805

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    After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99) the British East India Company consolidated its strong position in South India by taking control of territory that was formerly part of the state of Mysore and its allies. After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799 the Wodeyar family, who had ruled Mysore... More
  • India and the Empire of the White Huns 500 CE

    India and the Empire of the White Huns 500 CE

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    India and the Empire of the White Huns 500 CE

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    It is unclear which ethnic group the White Huns belonged to, however a scroll dating from c.492 CE, translated in 2007, mentions that they practiced Buddhism and had Iranian names. Their name has appeared in Sanskrit as Sveta Hunas or Kiderites, and in Greek as Ephtalites or Hephthalites. The Hunnic... More
  • India and the Kushan Empire 100-200 CE

    India and the Kushan Empire 100-200 CE

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    India and the Kushan Empire 100-200 CE

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    The Kushans originated, according to Chinese historical records, in the grasslands of Gansu in the northwest of China, where they were known as the Yuezhi and made up of a loose confederation five nomadic tribes. They are reputed to have spoken an Indo-European language of Iranian or Tocharian origin. They... More
  • India c. 1500

    India c. 1500

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    India c. 1500

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    The primary powers in pre-Mughal India occupied the far north and south of the subcontinent. Both Krishnadevaraya (r. 1509–29) of Viyanayagar, and Sikander Lodi (r. 1489–517) of the Delhi Sultanate were approximations of Renaissance rulers: cultured, expansive, open to trade and effective in both war and government. Although not inveterate... More
  • India to c. 1707

    India to c. 1707

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    India to c. 1707

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    Akbar the Great (1556–1605) established a government system based on subahs, or provinces, further subdivided into sarkars. His taxation methodology was enlightened, calculated as a percentage of the previous decade’s harvests, with remissions for crop failures. His conquests of Gujarat (1572) and Bengal (1574), gave the Mughal Empire its first... More
  • India, Invasion and Regional Powers 1739–90

    India, Invasion and Regional Powers 1739–90

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    India, Invasion and Regional Powers 1739–90

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    At the start of the 18th century, the Mughals dominated the Indian subcontinent, but they were soon eclipsed by the Marathas, whose confederacy controlled northern India by the 1750s. In 1761 the Marathas themselves were defeated at the Battle of Panipat near Delhi by the Afghan ruler, Ahmed Khan Abdali,... More
  • Iran 1500–1800

    Iran 1500–1800

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    Iran 1500–1800

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    The Safavids, under Shah Ismail I, burst from their homelands on the shores of the Caspian to conquer all the Timurid kingdoms of Iran in the first years of the 16th century. The empire reached its apogee under Shah Abbas I, who conquered territories to the west from the Ottomans,... More
  • Italy 1713–48

    Italy 1713–48

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    Italy 1713–48

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    Under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, much of Italy passed from Spanish to Austrian control. The Papal States, which had lost much of their power during the Reformation, retained independence, along with Venice. After defeating the Ottomans, Venice had fallen into economic stagnation. Naples joined Sicily in protesting against punitive... More
  • Italy c. 1000

    Italy c. 1000

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    Italy c. 1000

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    By the year 1000, Italy was divided between a number of different empires, kingdoms and regional leaders In 961 Otto I of Germany had invaded the Kingdom of the Lombards, uniting the crowns of Italy and Germany, and creating the Holy Roman Empire. Lombardy was the nucleus of imperial Italy,... More
  • League of Nations Mandate 1921–23

    League of Nations Mandate 1921–23

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    League of Nations Mandate 1921–23

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    After World War I, the territories of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were reclassified as mandates and allocated to leading powers, which would oversee their administration until the mandate was deemed able to run itself. From the former territories of the Ottoman Empire, France was entrusted with control of the... More