Empires

Showing 229–240 of 262 results

The Roman Empire c. 180 CE
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The Roman Empire c. 180 CE
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Under Augustus (r. 31 BCE –14 CE) Rome had become one of the world’s greatest empires, which went on to enjoy some 200 years of unrivalled stability (the Pax Romana, or Roman peace). The dynastic struggles of Augustus’s heirs, the Julio-Claudian dynasty, were followed by the much more stable, expansionist... More
The Roman Empire under Constantine 324–37CE
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The Roman Empire under Constantine 324–37CE
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After a series of civil wars, Constantine became sole Roman Emperor from 324–37. He converted to Christianity and made Constantinople (Constantinopolis) in the east, named after himself, his imperial residence. He introduced a series of reforms, including the creation of the Prefectura. These were praetorian guards who were the emperor’s... More
The Roman Empire under Theodosius 395 CE
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The Roman Empire under Theodosius 395 CE
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The Roman Emperor, Theodosius, died in 395 CE, having reigned since 379 as a Christian. He is credited with eliminating paganism and making Christianity the state religion. The empire was divided into a complex system of administrative divisions called dioceses, which were subordinated to three regional prefectures. Theodosius fought two... More
The Roman Empire, Losses to 450
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The Roman Empire, Losses to 450
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After reaching its maximum extent under Trajan, the Roman Empire began a gradual decline from 117 CE onwards. Lowland Scotland between Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall was abandoned as a permanent area of settlement around 185 CE because the resources needed to defend the area outweighed the benefits. Similarly,... More
The Sassanian Empire c. 550–637 CE
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The Sassanian Empire c. 550–637 CE
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The Sassanian Empire enjoyed a newfound level of prosperity under the reforms of Khosrau I. It was engaged in frequent conflict with the Byzantine Empire on its western border, with sporadic raids by the White Huns in the north. The Byzantine Emperor Maurice, who had aided the new Sassanian Emperor... More
The Second Macedonian War 202 BCE
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The Second Macedonian War 202 BCE
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The Second Macedonian War in 202 BCE was between Macedonia and Rome. Philip V of Macedonia began laying siege to the Greek city-states in the Aegean, having formed an alliance with Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire. Both Philip V and Antiochus III were keen to expand their empires and... More
The Siege of Alesia 52 BCE
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The Siege of Alesia 52 BCE
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By the summer of 52 BCE, Julius Caesar’s conquest of Gaul was threatened by the rebellion of a confederacy of Celtic tribes, led by Vercingetorix, king of the Averni. Caesar’s punitive expedition eventually cornered Vercingetorix in the hill-town of Alesia, in modern Burgundy. Alesia was well-fortified and garrisoned, and set... More
The Sultanate of Delhi 1236
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The Sultanate of Delhi 1236
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The first dynasty to rule what became the Sultanate of Delhi was the Mamluk Dynasty also known as the Slave or Ghulam Dynasty (the word ‘mamluk’ means ‘owned’ and the Mamluks became a powerful military caste in several Muslim societies). In 1206, following the assassination of the childless Sultan of... More
The Sultanate of Delhi in 1318
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The Sultanate of Delhi in 1318
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In 1316, following the death of Alauddin Khalji, the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate, he was succeeded by his son Shihabuddin with his brother Qutb ud-Din Mubarak as Regent. However, this position was politically unsafe, and Mubarak decided to blind his brother and seized... More
The Sultanate of Delhi in 1398
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The Sultanate of Delhi in 1398
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The 37-year rule of Feroz Shah Tughlaq ended in 1388, following a period of disunity and revolt in the last years of his reign. The first civil war began in 1384, weakening the empire as provinces and territories became independent. A second civil war erupted in 1394, six years after... More
The T’ang Empire c. 645–700
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The T’ang Empire c. 645–700
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The T’ang Dynasty engaged in a highly successful campaign of territorial expansion during its early years. Its influence stretched far to the west, well into Central Asia. Its main rival in this area was the Tibetan Empire, with which it often held an uneasy alliance. Right at the furthest reaches... More
The Tibetan Empire 650–850
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The Tibetan Empire 650–850
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Around 620 CE, the clans around Lhasa unified, then annexed, the ancient neighbouring kingdom of Zhangzung. The empire they founded expanded northward at the expense of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, occupying the Tarim Basin, before losing most of its gains under the irresolute rule of Emperor ‘Old Hairy’ Tride Tsuktsän.... More