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Showing 145–156 of 262 results

  • Southeast Asia 1400

    Southeast Asia 1400

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    Southeast Asia 1400

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    Kublai Khan conquered, but did not occupy, Burma, preferring to leave it weak and fragmented. The Shan hilltribes exploited the resultant instability, raiding constantly before strong successor states emerged in the late 14th century: the Ava kingdom of Upper Burma and the Hanthawaddy kingdom in Pegu. The poetically named ‘Kingdom... More
  • Southeast Asia 1500

    Southeast Asia 1500

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    Southeast Asia 1500

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    During the 15th century, Muslim traders and itinerant Sufist mystics spread Islam widely through Southeast Asia. As the Hindu maritime empire of Majapahit collapsed (finally conquered by the Sultanate of Demak in 1526), a throng of Islamic sultanates filled the vacuum. The Bruneian Empire had outposts in the Phillippines and... More
  • Tang Empire 750

    Tang Empire 750

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    Tang Empire 750

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    By 610, the Sui dynasty had united southern and northern China under a single administration, including a northwestern finger of territory through the Gobi Desert, along which ran the vital ‘Silk Road’ and other lucrative trade routes to Eurasia and Europe. In 618, a new ‘Tang’ dynasty, founded by provincial... More
  • The Akkadian Empire c. 2350–2230 BCE

    The Akkadian Empire c. 2350–2230 BCE

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    The Akkadian Empire c. 2350–2230 BCE

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    In c. 2350 BCE the Semite Sargon, reputed to be the adopted son of a Kish gardener, conquered Lugalzagesi’s kingdom and became ruler of his coalition of Sumerian cities. Taking Akkad as his capital, he turned the region into the heart of an empire which would encapsulate ‘the four quarters... More
  • The Angevin Empire 1150–1214

    The Angevin Empire 1150–1214

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    The Angevin Empire 1150–1214

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    For the Angevin Empire inheritance and marriage were the primary means of acquiring territory. Before becoming king of England, Henry II (r. 1154–89) acquired Normandy through his mother and Brittany through his father. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (1152) brought the duchy of Aquitaine, as well as Poitou, Gascony and... More
  • The Assyrian Empire c. 671 BCE

    The Assyrian Empire c. 671 BCE

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    The Assyrian Empire c. 671 BCE

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    In c. 671 BCE the Iron Age Mesopotamian empire of Assyria was controlled by Ershaddon (r. 681–669) and dominated Assyria, Phoenicia, Babylonia, Elam and, after 671 BCE, Egypt. During his reign, Ershaddon suppressed a rebellion in Babylonia and countered attacks from the Cimmerians (horse-riding peoples from the southern shores of... More
  • The Assyrian Empire c. 824 BCE

    The Assyrian Empire c. 824 BCE

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    The Assyrian Empire c. 824 BCE

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    In 824 BCE, the long reigning emperor, Shalmaneser III, died. His reign of 35 years consisted of constant military campaigns, with Shalmeneser III determined to expand his kingdom’s frontiers. Although he successfully conquered Babylonia and expanded his empire to the borders of the Taurus Mountains and received tribute from the... More
  • The Athenian Empire c. 450 BCE

    The Athenian Empire c. 450 BCE

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    The Athenian Empire c. 450 BCE

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    In 480 BCE the Achaemenid Persians had launched a second attempted invasion of Greece, but the Greeks, led by the Athenian and Spartan armies and navies, had fought them off in a series of land and sea battles (Thermopylae, Artemisium, Salamis, Mycale, Plataea), the last of which had seen the... More
  • The Austrian Empire 1815-48

    The Austrian Empire 1815-48

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    The Austrian Empire 1815-48

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    The Austrian Empire was created in 1804 by the Habsburg ruler Francis I, who correctly foresaw that Napoleon’s hoovering up of the German princedoms and principalities would fatally undermine the Holy Roman Empire. The new Empire teetered on the edge of oblivion in its first decade under the Napoleonic onslaught,... More
  • The Austro-Hungarian Empire c. 1900

    The Austro-Hungarian Empire c. 1900

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    The Austro-Hungarian Empire c. 1900

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    In 1900 the Austro-Hungarian Empire was economically strong, with an excellent manufacturing and banking base. Although the absolute ruler was the Austrian Emperor, Franz Josef, it was run by a dual monarchy, with Austria and Hungary having their own governments and internal autonomy. Described as a ‘multinational democracy’, with all... More
  • The Babylonian Empire 1760 BCE

    The Babylonian Empire 1760 BCE

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    The Babylonian Empire 1760 BCE

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    The Babylonian emperor, Hammurabi, is famous for his legal code, which addressed issues as wide-ranging as cowboy builders and medical malpractice. However, when it came to boundary disputes, he wrote his own laws. He first allied with the Persian Gulf state of Larsa to repulse an invasion from Elam, then... More
  • The Balkans 1700–92

    The Balkans 1700–92

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    The Balkans 1700–92

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    The Battle of Vienna (1683) effectively marked the end of the Ottoman threat to the West, and initiated the erosion of its territorial possessions in Europe. The Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) saw the Habsburgs gain Hungary and Transylvania, while their Venetian allies acquired Morea. Smarting from these losses, the Ottomans... More