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The Conquests of Tamerlane (Timur) c. 1400
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The Conquests of Tamerlane (Timur) c. 1400
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Tamerlane (Timur) was a Turko-Mongol conqueror who exploited the vacuum created by the disintegration of the Mongol Empire. A vizier in the Chagatai Khanate, he later claimed to be a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, enabling him to become the ‘legitimate’ ruler of a new Mongol dynasty. By 1400, his... More
The Dominions of Timur c. 1400
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The Dominions of Timur c. 1400
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Timur ‘the lame’, sought to emulate Genghis Khan, and resembled him in both the breadth of his conquests and appetite for destruction. Born in Transoxiana to minor nobility, he became first general to the proxy ruler of the western Chagatai Khanate. After conquering Persia in the 1380s, he turned on... More
The Egyptian Empire c. 1480 BCE
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The Egyptian Empire c. 1480 BCE
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Upon the death, without surviving issue, of Amenhotep, the Egyptian throne passed in 1506 BCE to a senior military commander Thutmose I, the third pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He almost at once faced a rebellion in Nubia, which he crushed, personally killing the rebel leader. He followed this with... More
The Empire c. 962
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The Empire c. 962
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Like Charlemagne, Otto the Great was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in middle age, after serving a long and turbulent military apprenticeship. On becoming king of Germany (936), he was quickly embroiled in a ducal rebellion, and forced to crush a French attempt to seize Lotharingia. He waged repeated camapigns to... More
The Empire of Alexander the Great 336–323 BCE
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The Empire of Alexander the Great 336–323 BCE
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In 336 BCE, Philip II’s Macedonia had risen to control the whole of the Greek world. His son and successor Alexandra the Great took an army to the Greek and Thracian city-states to secure their allegiance. Thebes resisted and Alexander destroyed the city to warn against rebellion; in Thrace, Alexander’s... More
The Empire of Hammurabi c. 1750 BCE
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The Empire of Hammurabi c. 1750 BCE
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After his father had created a Babylonian power base in central Mesopotamia by annexing Borsippa, Kish and Sippar, Hammurabi began his reign peaceably, establishing his famous legal code and consolidating his defences. After the Elamites invaded Eshnunna, Hammurabi allied with Larsa to annex their kingdom. Larsa’s contribution to the war... More
The Empire of Harsha 606–647 CE
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The Empire of Harsha 606–647 CE
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Harsha (c. 590–647 CE), a member of the Vardhana dynasty, was the son of Prabhakar, who defeated the Alchon Huna invaders, also known as the White Huns, and younger brother of Rajyavardhana, king of Thaneswar. After the defeat of the Huna invaders and the final collapse of the Gupta Empire... More
The Empire of Nicaea 1225–61
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The Empire of Nicaea 1225–61
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The empire of Nicaea began expanding its territory in 1225 under the leadership of John III Doukas Vatatzes. The first territories he acquired were ceded from the rival Latin Empire, immediately to the north, following an unsuccessful coup against him, for which the Latin Empire had provided support. John III... More
The Empire of the Great Khan 1279
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The Empire of the Great Khan 1279
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The Mongol Kublai Khan was a Buddhist and Sinophile, moving his capital from Qara-qorum in Mongolia to Khanbalik in China (1271) and thus establishing the Yuan dynasty. His summer palace (the ‘stately pleasure dome’ of Coleridge’s Xanadu) was at nearby Sheng-tu. Kublai moved quickly to establish his dominion over the... More
The First Empire under Napoleon 1811
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The First Empire under Napoleon 1811
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In the aftermath of the French Revolution, having quelled the Royalist uprising of 13 Vendémiaire (5 October) in 1795, the young General Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) rose rapidly through the ranks of the French army to become one of the most successful military commanders in world history. In 1799 he orchestrated... More
The Foundation of the Papal States 756–814
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The Foundation of the Papal States 756–814
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Since the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the papacy had retained substantial landholdings through the patrimony of St Peter, but continued to recognize the temporal authority of the eastern emperor in Constantinople. In the early 8th century, a rift developed over doctrinal differences and increasing imperial... More
The Frontier West 1870
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The Frontier West 1870
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By the 1840s, the traffic of stagecoaches and wagon trains on the Santa Fé Trail had reached such a volume that buffalo migration was obstructed, causing great deprivation for the Southern Plains Comanche, Kiowa and Arapaho. Understandably, the Indians retaliated: raids became so frequent that a chain of forts was... More