Decline - The Map Archive

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Balkan Peninsula c. 1830
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Balkan Peninsula c. 1830
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In the 1830s the Balkan Peninsula was no longer entirely under Ottoman control as the Ottoman Empire began to lose its grip on its vassal states. This was reflected in the Greek Wars of Independence that, with the help of Russia, the United Kingdom and France, led to the formation... More
Battle of Manzikert 1071
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Battle of Manzikert 1071
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On 26 August 1071, the Battle of Manzikert initiated the decline of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine emperor, Romanos IV Diogenes, troubled by Turkish Seljuk incursions into Byzantine Anatolia, mobilized a large army on his empire’s eastern borders, from which he entered Turkish-controlled Armenia. Once he reached the town of... More
Byzantine Empire 1095
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Byzantine Empire 1095
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The year 1095 saw a call to arms across all of Christian Europe in preparation for the First Crusade. By this point, the Byzantine Empire had been in steady decline for some time and had lost much of its traditional heartland in Anatolia to the Seljuk Empire. The Byzantines were... More
Byzantine Empire 1278
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Byzantine Empire 1278
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Michael VIII oversaw the restoration of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was recaptured from the Latin Empire in 1261. Throughout Michael’s reign, there was a concerted effort to re-establish the Latin Empire and return Constantinople to the control of the pope. This effort was mainly driven by the King of... More
Byzantine Empire 1328
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Byzantine Empire 1328
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At the end of the Byzantine civil war of 1321–28, Andronikos III Palaiologos emerged victorious against his grandfather Andronikos II Palaiologos. The civil war started when Andronikos III was exiled after he killed his brother Manuel because of an affair. Andronikos III set up his own government in Adrianople and... More
Byzantine Empire 1430
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Byzantine Empire 1430
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The year 1430 saw the fall of Thessalonika to the Ottoman Empire after eight years of fighting between the Byzantines, the Venetians and the Ottomans. As pressure from the Ottomans increased and Thessalonika was surrounded, the city’s government asked for assistance from the Venetians in return for increased economic privileges... More
Central Europe and Northern Italy 1797
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Central Europe and Northern Italy 1797
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The French Republic secured victory in the War of the First Coalition in 1797, after it defeated an alliance of European powers, including Prussia and Austria as constituents of the Holy Roman Empire, Britain, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal, who united against French expansionism and the threat of spreading revolution.... More
China under the Manchu Dynasty 1644–1840
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China under the Manchu Dynasty 1644–1840
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In 1840, a fleet of British gunboats initiated the First Opium War and China’s ‘Century of Humiliation’. It represented a precipitous descent for the Manchu Qing dynasty, whose rise had been equally precipitous. The warlord, Nurhaci, united the Manchus before moving south to secure his new capital Mukden; as the... More
China under the Manchu Dynasty 1840–1912
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China under the Manchu Dynasty 1840–1912
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If the Ottoman Empire was, in the 19th century, the ‘sick man of Europe’, the Manchu Qing Dynasty was its equally ailing Far Eastern equivalent. The Opium Wars between Britain and China (1839–60), culminated in the British seizure of Beijing, imposing their ability to trade as they saw fit through... More
Chinese Rebellions and Foreign Attacks 1840–1901
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Chinese Rebellions and Foreign Attacks 1840–1901
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In 1820, Daoguang succeeded his father Jiaqing as emperor of the Qing dynasty and was confronted by the challenge of an empire in decline, plagued by corruption, food shortages, domestic revolts and foreign threats. The Taiping Rebellion was initiated by Hong Xiuquan, self-styled ‘Brother of Jesus Christ’ and ‘Heavenly King’,... More
Division of Alexander’s Empire c. BCE 275
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Division of Alexander’s Empire c. BCE 275
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After Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE, he left behind a vast empire comprised of independent territories, which extended from Macedonia to India, Egypt and eastern Mediterranean. There was no clear successor to Alexander, which created conflict between many of his commanders, who were greedy for land and power.... More
Early States of Mesopotamia 2334–2004 BCE
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Early States of Mesopotamia 2334–2004 BCE
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Sargon the Conqueror had an unconventional apprenticeship for an imperial warlord, working first as a gardener, then a canal cleaner. In fact, it was with a corps of fellow drainage engineers that he initially seized power from the King of Kish. Thereafter, he expanded his rule remorselessly, through Gutium and... More