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Showing 13–24 of 47 results

  • Egypt and Syria July 1798–July 1799

    Egypt and Syria July 1798–July 1799

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    Egypt and Syria July 1798–July 1799

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    Napoleon saw himself as a successor to Alexander the Great, who conquered Egypt and much of the middle East. He was also at war with Great Britain and an occupied Egypt meant he could obstruct British trade routes to its Indian possessions. After capturing Alexandria, Napoleon advanced towards Cairo. After... More
  • Europe 1807

    Europe 1807

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    Europe 1807

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    Having routed the Third Coalition raised against him at Austerlitz (1805), Napoleon was in characteristically uncompromising mood when a Fourth Coalition was raised against him in 1806. The volunteer cannon fodder on this occasion were Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and, in the background, Britain. Prussia bore the brunt, crushed at... More
  • Europe c. 1000

    Europe c. 1000

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    Europe c. 1000

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    The largest and wealthiest cities in the Europe at the millennium were Muslim Cordoba and Byzantine Constantinople. The embryonic nation states of France and England were precarious, threatened by powerful neighbours. Repeatedly invaded by the Danes under the weak rule of Ethelred the Unready (r. 979–1016), England would then be... More
  • Europe in 1871

    Europe in 1871

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    Europe in 1871

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    The Franco-Prussian war resulted in two reunifications. In the run-up, French troops were withdrawn from Rome and the Papal states enabling completion of the Italian Risorgimento; a crushing Prussian victory saw the proclamation of the German Empire in the war’s aftermath. Earlier in the decade, Italy had also profited from... More
  • Europe June 1812

    Europe June 1812

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    Europe June 1812

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    On the eve of his invasion of Russia, Napoleon was notionally at the height of his power, presiding over an empire of 130 departements and 70 million people, but ominous cracks were already appearing in his imperium. From 1811, France experienced a prolonged economic crisis exacerbated by Britain’s economic blockade,... More
  • Fall of Croesus 550 BCE

    Fall of Croesus 550 BCE

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    Fall of Croesus 550 BCE

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    The extreme wealth of Croesus was reputed to derive from the gold deposits of the River Pactolus, where according to legend, the accursed Midas had tried to wash away his ‘golden touch’. But Croesus’s overlordship of Lydia, and tribute from the wealthy Ionian cities of the coast of Asia Minor,... More
  • Hülegü’s Domains and Neighbours 1256–65

    Hülegü’s Domains and Neighbours 1256–65

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    Hülegü’s Domains and Neighbours 1256–65

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    Before Hülegü Khan took western Persia and Baghdad in 1258, he had successfully conquered eastern Persia and crossed the Amu Darya River in January 1256, where he destroyed the fortifications of the militant Islamic sect, the Assassins. After this, his hordes moved westwards and executed the caliph in charge of... More
  • Imperial Rivals 1914

    Imperial Rivals 1914

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    Imperial Rivals 1914

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    Although World War I was triggered by Austrian and Russian conflict over Serbia, prior to this there were tensions generated by the imperialist agendas of the different European powers. By 1914, the Ottoman Empire was in decline and Russia had lost a war with Japan over disputed territories in Manchuria,... More
  • India c. 1500

    India c. 1500

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    India c. 1500

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    The primary powers in pre-Mughal India occupied the far north and south of the subcontinent. Both Krishnadevaraya (r. 1509–29) of Viyanayagar, and Sikander Lodi (r. 1489–517) of the Delhi Sultanate were approximations of Renaissance rulers: cultured, expansive, open to trade and effective in both war and government. Although not inveterate... More
  • India to c. 1707

    India to c. 1707

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    India to c. 1707

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    Akbar the Great (1556–1605) established a government system based on subahs, or provinces, further subdivided into sarkars. His taxation methodology was enlightened, calculated as a percentage of the previous decade’s harvests, with remissions for crop failures. His conquests of Gujarat (1572) and Bengal (1574), gave the Mughal Empire its first... More
  • Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1517

    Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1517

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    Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1517

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    The word ‘mamluk’ comes from the Arabic for slave and the Mamluks originated as slave soldiers, who took power, and founded a dynasty. The early Mamluks, particularly the relentless conqueror Baybars, drove the Crusaders from the Levant, their expulsion completed by the capture of Acre (1291). The apex of Mamluk... More
  • Mauryan Empire 322–297 BCE

    Mauryan Empire 322–297 BCE

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    Mauryan Empire 322–297 BCE

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    The Nanda Empire of Magadha in northern India escaped invasion by Alexander the Great when, at the end of his epic campaign of conquest, his troops rebelled at crossing the Ganges to confront ‘6,000 of the largest-sized war elephants’. Their good fortune was short-lived; a few years later Chandragupta Maurya... More