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Showing 1–12 of 47 results

  • Africa, Desert States c. 1350–1600

    Africa, Desert States c. 1350–1600

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    Africa, Desert States c. 1350–1600

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    The nomadic Bedouin followed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of North Africa, spreading from their heartlands in Syria, Jordan and Arabia. Pastoralists, they would occupy the arid steppes on the margins of arable cultivation, ranging over wide areas and trading their livestock produce for the cereals, dates and... More
  • Athenian Empire c. 475–446

    Athenian Empire c. 475–446

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    Athenian Empire c. 475–446

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    After the Greek victory against the Persians at Mycale, many Spartans believed that the war with Persia was now over. The Athenians, however, wanted to liberate ex-colonies in Ionia from Persian rule and prepared for further war with Persia by forming the Delian League. Formed in 478 BCE, representatives of... More
  • Battle of Aboukir 25 July 1799

    Battle of Aboukir 25 July 1799

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    Battle of Aboukir 25 July 1799

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    The Battle of Aboukir on 25 July 1799, when the Turkish Ottomans failed to expel the French forces from Egypt, was Napoleon’s final victory in Egypt. The Ottomans had landed at Aboukir Bay on 14 July where they overwhelmed the French garrison at Fort Aboukir. The Ottomans stayed put, with... More
  • Battle of the Pyramids 21 July 1798

    Battle of the Pyramids 21 July 1798

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    Battle of the Pyramids 21 July 1798

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    On 21 July 1798, Napoleon’s forces engaged in battle with the Mamluks, elite Egyptian warriors who were now a semi-autonomous group within the Ottoman Empire. The Mamluks' strength lay in their cavalry and, aware of this, Napoleon arranged his forces, under Generals Reynier, Dugua, Vial and Bon, into large divisional... More
  • Byzantine Empire 1045

    Byzantine Empire 1045

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    Byzantine Empire 1045

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    In 1045 the Macedonian Dynasty was involved in the culmination of a lengthy period of political turmoil that revolved around Zoë Porphyrogenita, daughter of Constantine VIII who died in 1028. Constantine VIII married her to his selected heir Romanos III shortly before his death, however their marriage turned sour and... More
  • Byzantium and the East 840

    Byzantium and the East 840

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    Byzantium and the East 840

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    The military tsunami of the Rashidun caliphate conquered half of the Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 7th century. In response, the Byzantines became furiously consumed by an abstruse doctrinal dispute over whether Christ had one (divine) or two (human and divine) natures. A four-year siege of Constantinople finally... More
  • Byzantium and the East c. 840 CE

    Byzantium and the East c. 840 CE

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    Byzantium and the East c. 840 CE

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    Byzantium’s massive loss of territory to the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century had one substantial upside: its shrunken borders were much more defensible. The Byzantines adapted pragmatically to their reduced circumstances. The system of military and administrative divisions called themes was established by 700 CE and harkened back to... More
  • Central Europe 1789

    Central Europe 1789

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    Central Europe 1789

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    In the first partition of Poland in 1772 substantial areas of Polish territory had been annexed by Austria, Russia and Prussia, changing the balance of power in Central Europe. In 1789 the eruption of the French Revolution began a further wave of fundamental change within the traditional social hierarchy across... More
  • Central Europe 1810

    Central Europe 1810

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    Central Europe 1810

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    By 1810, Napoleon Bonaparte’s domination of continental Europe seemed unchallengeable. Five enemy coalitions had been formed against him: each had been militarily outclassed and forced to sue for peace on humiliating terms. The War of the Third Coalition had ended in 1806 with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire... More
  • Central Europe 1812

    Central Europe 1812

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    Central Europe 1812

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    Before Napoleon’s attempted invasion of Russia in the winter of 1812, France was on its way towards domination of mainland Europe. A series of defeats suffered by successive European alliances at the hands of Napoleon had gradually reduced the strength and territories of France’s main continental rivals, Austria and Prussia.... More
  • Central Europe c. 1720

    Central Europe c. 1720

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    Central Europe c. 1720

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    In 1720 the Habsburgs dominated Central Europe. The Treaty of The Hague (1720), which followed the defeat of the ambitious Philip V of Spain by the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic (Netherlands), consolidated the Habsburg position. Philip was forced to end his claims to lands... More
  • Early Aztec Empire 1440–69

    Early Aztec Empire 1440–69

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    Early Aztec Empire 1440–69

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    Moctezuma I (1440–69) established a Triple Alliance with the neighbouring city-states of Texcoco and Tlacopan, which would become the Aztec instrument of empire. He extended Aztec dominion to the Gulf coast, subduing the Huastecs. More mettlesome opponents were found closer to home: the Chalco city-state at the southern end of... More