Industry - Page 2 of 3 - The Map Archive

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Irish Pre-Famine Economy 1821–41
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Irish Pre-Famine Economy 1821–41
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After a boom during the Napoleonic Wars, Ireland’s manufacturing industries stagnated after the Act of Union (1801). Karl Marx (in the 1860s) described Ireland as ‘an agricultural district of England (to which) it yields corn, wool, cattle, industrial and military recruits’. Nevertheless, in the 1841 census, a third of the... More
Russian Industry Under Peter the Great 1689–1725
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Russian Industry Under Peter the Great 1689–1725
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Much of Peter the Great’s inspiration for the sweeping reforms he would make in Russia came from his visit to western Europe in 1697 during the Grand Embassy. Although the mission’s original aim, to secure diplomatic backing against the Ottomans, failed, it provided the tsar with invaluable first-hand experience of... More
Russian Regions and Provinces c. 1860
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Russian Regions and Provinces c. 1860
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Russian armies of serf conscripts were outfought by their Western opponents in the Crimean War (1853–56). This, combined with the spiralling rural unrest the demands of war had triggered, led Emperor Alexander II to embark an ambitious programme of reform (1861–65), beginning with the emancipation of serfs. Zemstva, a basic... More
Scottish Industry 1745–60
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Scottish Industry 1745–60
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From about 1760, the first wave of Scottish industrialization began. Prior to 1760, linen production was an important part of the Scottish economy, with crofters spinning hemp and flax to produce cambric and fine linens for the English and continental markets. The export market was controlled by linen stamp offices.... More
Soviet Industrialization 1931–36
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Soviet Industrialization 1931–36
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In 1931, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, determined that Russia would not continue as a ‘backwards’ agrarian country, had already implemented his first Five Year Plan. This set draconian targets for the expansion of Russia’s coal, steel, oil and gas industries, with emphasis on Ukraine, the Volga... More
Steam Engines in England c. 1800
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Steam Engines in England c. 1800
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Through most of the 18th century, the Newcomen steam engine dominated British industry, but it had shortcomings, which James Watt set out to address. In the 1760s, Watt produced an engine with greater fuel efficiency, but it was not until 1775 that he would design a model capable of the... More
The Blast Furnaces of Southeast England c. 1574
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The Blast Furnaces of Southeast England c. 1574
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Julius Caesar noted the smelting of iron on the Weald by native Britons at the time of his invasion. The Romans continued the industry, but it was discontinued after the Saxon invasions and not revived until the Medieval period. The blast furnace was pioneered in Belgium, with its first recorded... More
The Cloth Industry in England 1500
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The Cloth Industry in England 1500
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British wool was prized for its quality throughout Europe, providing the raw material of choice for Flemish weavers and inspiring a flourishing medieval export trade. Edward III’s formation of the Merchants of the Staple trade monopoly to finance the Hundred Years’ War inadvertently produced a domestic cloth industry by rendering... More
The Cloth Industry in England c. 1720
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The Cloth Industry in England c. 1720
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At the beginning of the Georgian period, the English cloth industry was still overwhelmingly small in scale, either cottage-based or in small mills employing up to 30 weavers. There were pronounced regional specialisms in the products produced, as noted enthusiastically by the author and essayist Daniel Defoe in his travelogues.... More
The Forging of US Steel 1901
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The Forging of US Steel 1901
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Elbert Gary had a meteoric second career. An attorney, and for a while, a judge, until his mid-fifties, he then crossed to the steel industry. Within three years he was the first chairman of the world’s first billion-dollar corporation, US Steel, which was created out of three separate companies. Gary... More
The Sun Belt 1940–80
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The Sun Belt 1940–80
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The defence sector provided a massive fillip to the economy of the Sun Belt states during World War II, sustained subsequently by continued high military spending during the cold war. Defence spawned a host of ancillary industries, attracted by the availability of relatively cheap, skilled and non-unionized labour. Electronics, chemicals... More
Trade and Industry c. 1750
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Trade and Industry c. 1750
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By c. 1750, immigration, high birth rates and abundant natural resources had turned the thirteen colonies into a major consumer and exporter of goods. Most of colonial America’s exports were agricultural, with the Carolinas, Georgia and Virginia exporting raw and processed feed grains, including wheat, Indian corn, rice and tobacco.... More