Monuments

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  Construction Phases of Athens 600 BCE–300 CE

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  Construction Phases of Athens 600 BCE–300 CE

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  While evidence of settlement of the Acropolis extends back to Neolithic times, the earliest attributable construction in Athens relates to Peisistratos, the 6th-century BCE tyrant who ruled the city. He, amongst other works, built a massive aqueduct to bring fresh water to the inhabitants. Pericles, the Athenian statesman, ushered in... More
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  Medinet Habu c. 1170 BCE

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  Medinet Habu c. 1170 BCE

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  In the western Theban necropolis is Ramesses III’s ‘fortress like’ funerary temple and palace complex, Medinet Habu. Within its inner walls are the Royal Palace, the sandstone mortuary temple, smaller temples and additions, including a chapel built in 700 BCE. There are also storehouses and housing for the priests and... More
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  Minoan Crete c. 1500-1250 BCE

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  Minoan Crete c. 1500-1250 BCE

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  The island of Crete was first settled, probably from Asia Minor, in about 3000 BCE. The distinctive and highly advanced civilization that evolved there by the end of the third millennium, was palace-based, with each palace administering a substantial farming hinterland and trading network. Sir Arthur Evans, the archaeologist who... More
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  Mississippian Mound-Builders c. 900–1450 CE

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  Mississippian Mound-Builders c. 900–1450 CE

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  The mound-building cultures of North America appear to have suffered a ‘Dark Age’ roughly contemporaneous with the European version, with the revival beginning in the lower Mississippi valley in the last quarter of the first millennium. This segued into the Plaquemine culture, but was soon be eclipsed by the middle... More
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  Royal Residences in the New Kingdom from 1550 BCE

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  Royal Residences in the New Kingdom from 1550 BCE

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  The New Kingdom has considerable archaeological evidence of the pharaohs’ palace complexes. This, in addition to the depictions of domestic life in the tomb paintings, has provided insights into palace life. The palace construction and decoration had to signify the importance of kingship and reflect the pharaoh’s political and religious... More
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  Stone Circles and Henges c. 3500–1000 BCE

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  Stone Circles and Henges c. 3500–1000 BCE

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  Stone circles and henges first appeared on the British Isles c. 3500 BCE, during the Neolithic period. Over 900 still exist today. Henges (oval shaped, banked ditches) enclosed ritual structures, such as stone circles, or villages, seen in excavations of the henge at Durrington Walls. The largest Neolithic structure in... More
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  The City of Rome c. 14 CE

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  The City of Rome c. 14 CE

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  In his memoir, the Roman Emperor Augustus claimed ‘I found a city made of sun-dried brick, I left her clothed in marble’. Above all, Augustus brought the gift of peace, after the protracted civil war that saw his emergence. In his long reign (31 BCE–14 CE) he went on to... More
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  The Travels of Emperor Hadrian 121–132 CE

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  The Travels of Emperor Hadrian 121–132 CE

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  Hadrian’s extensive travels were to review the administration of his vast empire and to consolidate his imperial authority. Between 122–125, after strengthening the Upper Rhine/Upper Danube area, Emperor Hadrian and his legions visited Britannia, where he constructed Hadrian’s Wall. The fortified wall marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire.... More
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  The World 2500 BCE

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  The World 2500 BCE

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  In 2500 BCE Stonehenge was in its most grandiose phase; the giant sarsen stones assembled and erected, the bluestones transported from quarries in West Wales, their disposition displaying their architect’s astronomical grasp. The Great Pyramids of Egypt had been built, proclaiming to posterity the god-like status of their commissioning pharaohs.... More