Artefacts – The Map Archive

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Cairo at the time of Sultan Al-Nasir c. 1295
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Cairo at the time of Sultan Al-Nasir c. 1295
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In 969 the Fatimid dynasty established Cairo as their capital, near the site from which ibn Tulun and his successors enjoyed brief independence, ruling Egypt and Syria (868–905). Ibn Tulun’s city was razed to the ground (905), when the Abbasids reasserted control, but his mosque survived. By the 12th century,... More
Celts in Cisalpine Gaul 400 BCE
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Celts in Cisalpine Gaul 400 BCE
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The Roman chronicler Livy recorded the first Celtic incursions in Italy (under their king, Bellovesus ) in the 6th century BCE. A more concerted invasion occurred around 400 BCE, culminating in the sacking of Rome by the Senones, a Celtic tribe, in 390 BCE. The Senones subsequently settled along the... More
Celts in the British Isles c. 450–50 BCE
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Celts in the British Isles c. 450–50 BCE
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Although Roman historians have provided commentary on the Celtic tribes current at the time of the Roman invasions in 51 BCE and 43 CE, the archaeological evidence suggests the British Celts, an Iron Age people, migrated from central Europe, c. 450 BCE. Pre-Roman conquest, the Celts lived in hillforts or... More
Chimú Prior to Inca expansion 1000–1438
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Chimú Prior to Inca expansion 1000–1438
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By the time the Chimú were rising to prominence at the end of the first millennium, the preceding Huari and Moche cultures of the Peruvian seaboard had long faded, but the Chimú inherited – and enhanced – their mastery of irrigation and metalwork. The Chimú capital at Chan Chan was... More
Culture Areas of Mesoamerica 1000 CE
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Culture Areas of Mesoamerica 1000 CE
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The end of the first millennium was a period of transition in Mesoamerica. The Toltecs, the dominant power for two centuries, were in decline, evicted from the Yucatan peninsula by a confederation of Mayan city-states, the League of Mayapan. The Toltec capital, Tula, with a peak population of c. 60,000,... More
Dark Age Greece 900 BCE
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Dark Age Greece 900 BCE
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Following the collapse of Mycenaean civilization in c. 1100 the major settlements were abandoned and the Greek population dropped dramatically. People lived in small groups, farming in villages, or adopting a nomadic lifestyle as they followed pasture and livestock, and leaving no written record behind. Weaving, pottery-making and metal-working still... More
Early Bronze Age Europe
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Early Bronze Age Europe
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The Aegean was the conduit for the developments in metallurgy, which ushered in the European Bronze Age at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Almost two millennia later, it would repeat the service, relaying ironworking technology from its hearth in either Anatolia or northern India. It took some 1,500... More
Early Bronze Age Europe from 3200 BCE
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Early Bronze Age Europe from 3200 BCE
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The Bronze Age in Europe began around 3200 BCE on the coasts of the Aegean, and would reach its apogee in the Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 25001450 BCE). Bronze was manufactured from copper mined in Cyprus and alloyed with tin traded from as far afield as Britain. The Bell... More
Human Diversity 40,000 BP–8000 BCE
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Human Diversity 40,000 BP–8000 BCE
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The first ‘modern’ Palaeolithic peoples were the Neanderthals, a subspecies of archaic humans, who lived in northern Africa, Malta and Europe (c. 200,000 BP). Evidence suggests they became extinct between 40,000 BP and 30,000 BP when modern humans were emerging. According to the dominant hypothesis early modern humans (Cro-Magnon) migrated... More
Islamic Arts
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Islamic Arts
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Islamic art covers a broad spectrum of artistic practices, not necessarily inspired by religion, which evolved within a number of differing Islamic societies. Like Islamic architecture, Islamic art forms vary widely in stylistic attributes depending on their region of origin and the outside cultural influences from which they took inspiration.... More
Isle of Man in the Bronze Age 2000-600 BCE
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Isle of Man in the Bronze Age 2000-600 BCE
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It is thought that the beginning of the Bronze Age on the Isle of Man (c. 2000–600 BCE) was ignited by an influx of migrants from continental Europe who arrived on the island via Britain. Not only did these settlers bring metal-working and bronze artefacts to the island, but they... More
Mycenaean Cultural Influence 1600-1100 BCE
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Mycenaean Cultural Influence 1600-1100 BCE
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Mycenaean Greece dominated the Greek mainland, the Aegean Islands and the shores of Asia Minor, amalgamating various peoples into a homogenous culture that had influence that reached, at its furthest extent, to the Levant and Sicily. The Mycenaeans were accomplished sailors, who traded olive oil and ceramic vessels for gold,... More