Culture

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Aboriginal Religions
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Aboriginal Religions
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The original human migration to Australia is believed to have occurred around 40,000 years ago when a land bridge linked the Australian continent to Asia in the north. Genetic evidence supports the probability of migration from the north, as the genetic profile of Australian Aborigines displays some similarities to the... More
African American Newspapers and Periodicals 1820–60
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African American Newspapers and Periodicals 1820–60
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The America’s earliest abolitionist newspaper, the “Manumission Intelligencer” was actually published in the slave state of Tennessee by a white ex-slave owner, Elihu Embree in 1819. However, black leaders soon stepped forward to “plead their own cause”, in the words of the Reverend Samuel E. Cornish, founder of “Freedom’s Journal”,... More
Anaximander’s Map c. 570 BCE
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Anaximander’s Map c. 570 BCE
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Anaximander was a revolutionary cosmologist who introduced the concept of ‘space’ and layers of celestial bodies rather than the static dome-like ‘celestial vault’ described by his predecessors. He envisaged the earth as free-floating and unsupported but stationary ‘in the same place because of its indifference’. He conceived its shape not... More
Ancient Greece c. 500 BCE
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Ancient Greece c. 500 BCE
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The Greek classical era (beginning c. 500 BCE) lasted around 200 years and saw the rise of democracy (‘people power’) when Athenian leader, Cleisthenes, created a political system that enfranchised adult men of Athenian descent. Many Greek city-states practised democracy, although there were exceptions, such as Sparta and ‘barbarian’ Epirus.... More
Blériot flies the English Channel July 1909
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Blériot flies the English Channel July 1909
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Louis Blériot started out with as the proprietor of a business manufacturing headlamps for automobiles in Paris, but his real enthusiasm was an even newer transport innovation, the aeroplane. Profits from his business afforded him the time and finance to experiment with aviation. His first flying machines were ornithopters, with... More
Cairo at the time of Sultan Al-Nasir c. 1295
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Cairo at the time of Sultan Al-Nasir c. 1295
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In 969 the Fatimid dynasty established Cairo as their capital, near the site from which ibn Tulun and his successors enjoyed brief independence, ruling Egypt and Syria (868–905). Ibn Tulun’s city was razed to the ground (905), when the Abbasids reasserted control, but his mosque survived. By the 12th century,... More
Celts in Cisalpine Gaul 400 BCE
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Celts in Cisalpine Gaul 400 BCE
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The Roman chronicler Livy recorded the first Celtic incursions in Italy (under their king, Bellovesus ) in the 6th century BCE. A more concerted invasion occurred around 400 BCE, culminating in the sacking of Rome by the Senones, a Celtic tribe, in 390 BCE. The Senones subsequently settled along the... More
Celts in the British Isles c. 450–50 BCE
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Celts in the British Isles c. 450–50 BCE
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Although Roman historians have provided commentary on the Celtic tribes current at the time of the Roman invasions in 51 BCE and 43 CE, the archaeological evidence suggests the British Celts, an Iron Age people, migrated from central Europe, c. 450 BCE. Pre-Roman conquest, the Celts lived in hillforts or... More
Chimú Prior to Inca expansion 1000–1438
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Chimú Prior to Inca expansion 1000–1438
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By the time the Chimú were rising to prominence at the end of the first millennium, the preceding Huari and Moche cultures of the Peruvian seaboard had long faded, but the Chimú inherited – and enhanced – their mastery of irrigation and metalwork. The Chimú capital at Chan Chan was... More
Construction Phases of Athens 600 BCE–300 CE
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Construction Phases of Athens 600 BCE–300 CE
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While evidence of settlement of the Acropolis extends back to Neolithic times, the earliest attributable construction in Athens relates to Peisistratos, the 6th-century BCE tyrant who ruled the city. He, amongst other works, built a massive aqueduct to bring fresh water to the inhabitants. Pericles, the Athenian statesman, ushered in... More
Cultural Revolution in China  1966–76
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Cultural Revolution in China  1966–76
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Following many years of poverty and famine, in 1966 the Communist leader Mao Zedong launched ‘the (Great Proletarian) Cultural Revolution’ in an attempt to recentralize his position in the party, to reinvigorate its Marxist ideology, and to combat reactionary, capitalist tendencies. Cadres of young, zealous ‘Red Guards’ were recruited around... More
Culture Areas of Mesoamerica 1000 CE
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Culture Areas of Mesoamerica 1000 CE
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The end of the first millennium was a period of transition in Mesoamerica. The Toltecs, the dominant power for two centuries, were in decline, evicted from the Yucatan peninsula by a confederation of Mayan city-states, the League of Mayapan. The Toltec capital, Tula, with a peak population of c. 60,000,... More