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Showing 49–60 of 68 results

  • South Africa 1854–1910

    South Africa 1854–1910

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    South Africa 1854–1910

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    The South African political landscape from 1854 onwards was characterized by diverse constantly changing borders. European colonial settlement, mainly by the British and Dutch, had created a plethora of small colonies of varying size and degrees of autonomy that existed alongside pre-existing indigenous kingdoms. The largest state in the region... More
  • South Africa 1878

    South Africa 1878

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    South Africa 1878

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    In the mid-19th century the British tolerated the independent Boer republics by agreeing to a boundary between the Natal colony and Zululand. However, the discovery of diamonds at Kimberley in 1867 changed their policy. First, they annexed West Griqualand where the diamond mines were located, then proposed the Boer republics... More
  • South Africa c. 1650

    South Africa c. 1650

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    South Africa c. 1650

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    The kingdom of Mwenemutapa grew explosively during the course of the 15th century through empire building techniques without precedent in southern Africa. These included voluntary enrolment of member states, who were rewarded with representation on the kingdom’s Great Council and buttressed by well-trained armies and an organized priesthood. Their power... More
  • South Africa c. 1800

    South Africa c. 1800

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    South Africa c. 1800

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    While the Dutch East India Company repeatedly attempted to set boundaries for the Trekboer expansion, its oppressive bureaucracy and excessive taxation hardened their determination to expand. This brought them into conflict with the Xhosa, who often retaliated fiercely to these Boer incursions. In 1795 Napoleon took the Netherlands, and the... More
  • Southeast Asia 1600

    Southeast Asia 1600

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    Southeast Asia 1600

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    Spain began colonization of the Philippines in the 1560s, and through Philip II’s annexation of Portugal (1580) effectively inherited the latter’s established East Indies trading network. Desperate to emulate Spanish colonial wealth, the British and Dutch moved into the region, both opening bases in Bantam (1602, 1603), centre of the... More
  • The Battle of Tugela Heights 1900

    The Battle of Tugela Heights 1900

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    The Battle of Tugela Heights 1900

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    By February 1900, Louis Botha’s Boer irregulars had repulsed three attempts by General Sir Redvers Buller to cross the Tugela and relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith. The humiliation of these defeats led to Buller’s replacement as British Commander-in-Chief by Lord Roberts. Now, Buller returned to the scene of his... More
  • The Carolinas 1633–1776

    The Carolinas 1633–1776

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    The Carolinas 1633–1776

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    Following James I’s Virginia Charter of 1609, in 1663 (extended 1665) English King Charles II issued the ‘Carolina Charters’ granting rights over a new province bearing his latinized name and comprising the land between the Virginia Colony to the north and Spanish Florida to the south. Eight wealthy English ‘Lords... More
  • The Colony of Virginia 1607–1776

    The Colony of Virginia 1607–1776

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    The Colony of Virginia 1607–1776

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    The first successful English colonization of America began with the settlement at Jamestown (so named after King James I) in the region christened ‘Virginia’ by Elizabeth I. The settlers, who searched in vain for gold, initially faced great hardships of famine, disease and conflict with the native tribes. Their breakthrough... More
  • The Conquest of the Aztec Empire 1518–19

    The Conquest of the Aztec Empire 1518–19

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    The Conquest of the Aztec Empire 1518–19

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    In October 1518 Hernán Cortés led an expedition, funded by the governor of the Spanish colony on Cuba, Diego Velázquez, along the coast of Mexico in search of trade prospects. On his journey west, Cortés made contact with Gerónimo de Aguilar who had been living amongst the Mayans of the... More
  • The Presidencies in India c.1890

    The Presidencies in India c.1890

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    The Presidencies in India c.1890

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    As the East India Company grew it recruited guards and watchmen to to protect its possessions scattered around India. This group evolved into field armies that were then organized under its three ‘presidencies’, Bengal, Bombay and Madras, hence the Bengal Army, Bombay Army and Madras Army. In 1748 these were... More
  • The Proclamation Line 1763

    The Proclamation Line 1763

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    The Proclamation Line 1763

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    By the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ended the Seven Years’ War, huge tracts of North America were transferred from France to the British Crown. Indian tribes, who had generally supported France in the war, occupied the land abutting the western borders of the American colonies. The British government... More
  • The Québec Act 1774

    The Québec Act 1774

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    The Québec Act 1774

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    In 1774, the British Parliament signed the Québec Act, which outlined new legislative structures and territorial boundaries for the territory of Québec. Québec was the former French territory of New France, which had been ceded to Britain under the 1763 Treaty of Paris following the Seven Years’ War. The act... More