Colonization – Page 9 – The Map Archive

Showing 97–108 of 143 results

Southeast Asia 1600
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Southeast Asia 1600
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Spain began colonization of the Philippines in the 1560s, and through Philip II’s annexation of Portugal (1580) effectively inherited the latter’s established East Indies trading network. Desperate to emulate Spanish colonial wealth, the British and Dutch moved into the region, both opening bases in Bantam (1602, 1603), centre of the... More
Southern Colonies c. 1664–1735
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Southern Colonies c. 1664–1735
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The first sustained British colony in the Americas was established in Virginia in 1607. To Virginia’s south, some patchy settlement occurred in Albemarle in the 1650s, but formal colonization of the Carolinas would only occur after the granting of a Royal Charter in 1663. In 1670, the Treaty of Madrid... More
Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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The Spanish colonization of California began in 1769, with the establishment of a presidio, or fort, at San Diego, followed by a steady progression up the coast. Further presidios were sited at Monterey (1777), which became the provincial seat of government, San Francisco (1776) and Santa Barbara (1786). While the... More
Spanish Florida c. 1660
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Spanish Florida c. 1660
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The Spanish explorer and conquistador, Juan Ponce de Léon, landed in Florida in 1513, claiming it for Spain. Successive expeditions by De Narvaez (1528–29) and De Soto (1539–42) ranged as far as modern day Texas and Oklahoma, but the first lasting settlement was established at St Augustine in 1565. Clusters... More
States That Never Were 1774–85
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States That Never Were 1774–85
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By the 1770s many colonists insisted that the British could not be allowed to impede expansion into the west. John Cartwright, a British parliamentary reformer, responded by making plans for 19 new colonies in 1774. He created carefully researched, comprehensive state maps. His plans were rejected because they were politically... More
The Algerian War of Independence 1954–62
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The Algerian War of Independence 1954–62
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Algeria was classified as part of the French state, with (from 1947) French citizenship available to all of its subjects. Suppression of non-violent political movements seeking independence led to the formation of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) which, emboldened by French defeat in Indochina, launched Toussaint Rouge, a coordinated... More
The Battle of Tugela Heights 1900
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The Battle of Tugela Heights 1900
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By February 1900, Louis Botha’s Boer irregulars had repulsed three attempts by General Sir Redvers Buller to cross the Tugela and relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith. The humiliation of these defeats led to Buller’s replacement as British Commander-in-Chief by Lord Roberts. Now, Buller returned to the scene of his... More
The Cape and Dutch Settlement 1652–1798
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The Cape and Dutch Settlement 1652–1798
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The Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded the Cape Colony in 1652 as a way-station on the route to the Indies. After the colonists almost starved in 1654, the VOC released some colonists from their contracts, and granted them lands to farm. These 'free burghers' rapidly extended the boundaries of... More
The Carolinas 1633–1776
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The Carolinas 1633–1776
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Following James I’s Virginia Charter of 1609, in 1663 (extended 1665) English King Charles II issued the ‘Carolina Charters’ granting rights over a new province bearing his latinized name and comprising the land between the Virginia Colony to the north and Spanish Florida to the south. Eight wealthy English ‘Lords... More
The Celts in Europe from 800 BCE
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The Celts in Europe from 800 BCE
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The Celts, named Keltoi (barbarians) by the Greeks, were a cultural group that occupied much of Europe north of the Alps. The proto-Celtic Urnfield Culture was located in central Europe until the 8th century BCE, when the first recognizably Celtic Hallstatt culture began to disseminate from a heartland in southern... More
The Christian Churches of Manila c. 1650
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The Christian Churches of Manila c. 1650
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The one significant Spanish territory in Asia was the Philippines, first claimed for Spain by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and named for a Spanish king. The first Catholic mass was conducted on the island of Limasawa on Easter Sunday, 1521. Within a month the king and queen of Cebu had... More
The City-States 8th century BCE
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The City-States 8th century BCE
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In the competitive and turbulent environment of archaic Greece, the establishment of colonies gave the domestic city-states an edge over their rivals. This rivalry was also supra-national: the Etruscans and Phoenicians were also very active seafaring traders and colonizers in this period. In the 8th century BCE, ‘homeland’ Greece, to... More