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Showing 85–96 of 143 results

  • Province of Georgia 1732–77

    Province of Georgia 1732–77

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    Province of Georgia 1732–77

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    In 1732 a group of English ‘worthy poor’ settlers led by English philanthropist and member of Parliament James Oglethorpe, landed at Savannah and began establishing a chartered colony named ‘Georgia’ after George II. Its constitution was progressive and egalitarian, with land-ownership limited to 50 acres. Initially, slavery was banned, although... More
  • Province of New York 1664–1783

    Province of New York 1664–1783

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    Province of New York 1664–1783

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    After the English victory in the First Anglo-Dutch war (1652–54), the Dutch ‘New Netherland’ colony came into English possession in 1664, when Charles II appointed his brother James, Duke of York, to take the Dutch governor’s surrender. When James II ascended to the English throne in 1688, the Province of... More
  • Roanoke Colony 1584–91

    Roanoke Colony 1584–91

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    Roanoke Colony 1584–91

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    In August 1585 a fleet of five ships organized by Queen Elizabeth I of England’s favourite courtier and explorer, Sir Walter Raleigh, explored the Carolina coast, before disembarking settlers on Roanoke Island. Most left when relief arrived the following spring, but the 15 who stayed had disappeared when a new... More
  • Roman Britain 200 CE

    Roman Britain 200 CE

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    Roman Britain 200 CE

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    The Roman conquest of Britain reached its high watermark with victory over the Picts at Mons Graupius (84), thought to be somewhere near Aberdeen. Thereafter the northern border would be marked first by Hadrian’s Wall (121–22) then the Antonine Wall (142–44). The Brigantes of northern England would rebel, and the... More
  • Settlers from the British Isles and Europe c. 1750

    Settlers from the British Isles and Europe c. 1750

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    Settlers from the British Isles and Europe c. 1750

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    By 1750, Africans were rapidly overtaking the English as the largest numerical component of the population of the American colonies. They were, overwhelmingly, slaves imported to work the fast expanding tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the South. The other fast-growing immigrant group was the Germans; great numbers from the... More
  • Slaves and Free Blacks in the Caribbean early 19th century

    Slaves and Free Blacks in the Caribbean early 19th century

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    Slaves and Free Blacks in the Caribbean early 19th century

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    The pattern and incidence of slavery varied widely across the Caribbean. The British and French colonies, with economies dominated by the highly labour-intensive plantation cultivation of sugar, were the largest slave markets. The sugar crop produced lucrative returns; Barbados was adjudged ‘the richest spot of ground in the world’, and,... More
  • South Africa 1750

    South Africa 1750

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    South Africa 1750

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    In the second half of the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company supported the development of its South African colony with the importation of slaves from Angola and Guinea. In 1700 the company permitted grazing cattle outside the settlement, which led to growth of the itinerant farmer, or Trekboer,... More
  • South Africa 1798–1857

    South Africa 1798–1857

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    South Africa 1798–1857

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    The Cape switched between Dutch and British hands during the Napoleonic Wars until 1815, when British occupation was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna. The already pronounced unruliness and wanderlust of the Dutch colonists was aggravated by the outlawing of the Dutch language (1806), and abolition of slavery (1838), on... More
  • South Africa 1854–1910

    South Africa 1854–1910

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    South Africa 1854–1910

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    The South African political landscape from 1854 onwards was characterized by diverse constantly changing borders. European colonial settlement, mainly by the British and Dutch, had created a plethora of small colonies of varying size and degrees of autonomy that existed alongside pre-existing indigenous kingdoms. The largest state in the region... More
  • South Africa 1878

    South Africa 1878

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    South Africa 1878

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    In the mid-19th century the British tolerated the independent Boer republics by agreeing to a boundary between the Natal colony and Zululand. However, the discovery of diamonds at Kimberley in 1867 changed their policy. First, they annexed West Griqualand where the diamond mines were located, then proposed the Boer republics... More
  • South Africa c. 1650

    South Africa c. 1650

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    South Africa c. 1650

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    The kingdom of Mwenemutapa grew explosively during the course of the 15th century through empire building techniques without precedent in southern Africa. These included voluntary enrolment of member states, who were rewarded with representation on the kingdom’s Great Council and buttressed by well-trained armies and an organized priesthood. Their power... More
  • South Africa c. 1800

    South Africa c. 1800

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    South Africa c. 1800

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    While the Dutch East India Company repeatedly attempted to set boundaries for the Trekboer expansion, its oppressive bureaucracy and excessive taxation hardened their determination to expand. This brought them into conflict with the Xhosa, who often retaliated fiercely to these Boer incursions. In 1795 Napoleon took the Netherlands, and the... More