Colonization - Page 3 of 12

Showing 25–36 of 143 results

Cultural Levels in Central and South America c. 1000 CE
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Cultural Levels in Central and South America c. 1000 CE
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The island of Marajo is ‘like a cork in the mouth of the Amazon’ and, in 1000 CE, its Arua inhabitants supported a vibrant urbanized lifestyle from pisciculture, corralling vast catches by damming floodwaters. Across the continent, the Chincha, in coastal Peru, were also fishermen, harvesting anchovy from the sea... More
Decolonization 1950–97
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Decolonization 1950–97
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A frequent catalyst for independence movements is the disruption to colonial rule occasioned by protracted conflict. The Napoleonic War was effectively the death-knell for the bulk of Spain’s South American empire; World War I completed Ottoman disintegration. Although France and Britain emerged on the winning side in World War II,... More
Decolonization 1951–75
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Decolonization 1951–75
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Following World War II, people across Europe and Africa began to question the morality of the European colonies created during the scramble for Africa in the latter 19th century. It had become increasingly obvious that the colonies were exploitative in nature. The Atlantic Charter, signed by the Allies in 1941,... More
Discontent in the Colonies on the eve of war 1764–76
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Discontent in the Colonies on the eve of war 1764–76
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Britain gained possession of vast new territories in North America in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. However, the British government had incurred ruinous debts in the preceding war, and the new dominions would be costly to pacify, administer and defend. They were determined to recoup some of that cost from... More
Dukedom of Normandy – the Viking Legacy within France 990–1031
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Dukedom of Normandy – the Viking Legacy within France 990–1031
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By 990, the Vikings, through intermarriage and assimilation with the northern French, the Franks, had become French-speaking Christians. Normandy was no longer a Viking colony, but had become a region of France, with the Norse language extinguished. While the Normans recognized the superiority of the king of France, their territory... More
Early Brittany from 300 BCE
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Early Brittany from 300 BCE
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Julius Caesar incorporated Brittany into the Roman Empire by, but only the southeastern corner would become Romanized (‘-ac’ endings adopted from Roman ‘acum’ = ‘town’). In 383, Magnus Maximus, Roman governor of Britain, brought an army to Brittany in his bid to become emperor. These troops are reported to have... More
East India Company 1700–85
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East India Company 1700–85
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The British East India Company had traded with India since the 1600s and, by the beginning of the 18th century, had established trading bases at coastal points, including Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The main goods traded were cotton, sugar, indigo and opium. The Mughal emperors who dominated much of the... More
Eastern Cape 1878
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Eastern Cape 1878
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The Boer South African Republic (SAR) came into existence in the 1830s, and was recognized by the British in 1852. At the same time, the British forced independence on Orange Free State (most settlers there preferred to remain a colony). Zoutpansberg and Lydenburg briefly seceded from the SAR, before reincorporation... More
Egypt c. 2064–1986 BCE
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Egypt c. 2064–1986 BCE
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After several short-lived successors to the founder of the 9th Dynasty, Kheti I, the balance of power began to shift from Herakleopolis to Thebes. Inyotef united all the southern nomes as far as the first cataract under Theban rule and wrested the burial site of kings at Abydos from his... More
English Emigration to America 1620-42
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English Emigration to America 1620-42
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The motivations for early English migration differed markedly between colonies. New England was fundamentally a religious enterprise, to found ‘Zion in the Wilderness’. Further south, in Virginia, settlement was conceived as a commercial enterprise; while the Royal Charter promoted ‘propagation of religion… to infidels and savages’, the nub was the... More
English Settlements and Colonial Grants 1606–35
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English Settlements and Colonial Grants 1606–35
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In 1606 James I made the first colonial grants to the Plymouth and London Companies. The territories they were empowered to settle were huge, covering the American eastern seaboard from Cape Fear to Nova Scotia. The grants also overlapped, with the provision that any settlements made by the respective companies... More
European Advance c. 1750
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European Advance c. 1750
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Although there is speculation that Norse settlers may have colonized Newfoundland in the 10th century, the Spanish were the first European colonizers in the Americas. By the mid-16th century, they controlled much of South America and southern North America. In 1606, the British government began establishing colonies along the eastern... More