Colonization - Page 2 of 12

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Australia Settlements 1859
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Australia Settlements 1859
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In 1854, the Eureka Rebellion by gold prospectors in Victoria protesting against extortionate taxes and mining licence fees, was ruthlessly suppressed by British troops. However, the British government was shaken from its complacency and reluctantly recognized the need for devolved powers. The Colony of Victoria Act (1855) granted representative government,... More
Australia Settlements 1863
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Australia Settlements 1863
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In 1860–61, the Burke and Wills expedition completed the first crossing of the Australian continent, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Both the expedition leaders perished on the return trip, emphasizing the hostility of the interior, but the Northern Territory was now on the map, and incorporated into South... More
British Indian Possessions and Protectorates 1826
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British Indian Possessions and Protectorates 1826
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Between 1806 and 1826 the East India Company continued its policy of expansion and control in India. After the Anglo-Nepal War of 1814 the Company annexed Kumaon and Garhwal , together with a collection of small states formerly allied to the Maratha Confederacy. In 1817 a large Company army invaded... More
British Indian Possessions and Protectorates 1837
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British Indian Possessions and Protectorates 1837
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The East India Company’s policy was to maintain direct and indirect control through agreements with local rulers. However, the situation relating to control was always subject to review; for instance Mysore came under direct British rule in 1836, which continued until 1881 when it reverted to the control of a... More
British Military Presence in the Colonies 1764–76
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British Military Presence in the Colonies 1764–76
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Through the Treaty of Paris (1763), Britain acquired vast additional territories in North America. However, the war left Britain with crippling debts, exacerbated by the cost of protecting and administering its gains. Pontiac’s rebellion (1763–64) saw the destruction of eight forts, and the deaths of 400 British soldiers and many... More
British North America 1764–76
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British North America 1764–76
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In the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War victorious Britain would nevertheless become the victim of North America’s phenomenal success. France and Spain were united in their determination for revenge for their near expulsion from the continent and, in the thirteen colonies, young military leaders like George Washington had gained... More
British Possessions and Protectorates on the Eve of the Indian Mutiny 1857
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British Possessions and Protectorates on the Eve of the Indian Mutiny 1857
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The period 1839 to 1857 was, as far as the East India Company was concerned, a frantic time of empire-building. The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) saw a British defeat, followed by a terrible retribution and a return to the status quo. The annexation of Sind (1843) was announced in General... More
Canada – Development of Provinces 1862
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Canada – Development of Provinces 1862
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In 1837–38, the separately administered Upper and Lower Canada were racked by rebellion, provoked by both corrupt, oligarchical rule and, perhaps, the example of the previous revolution of their southern neighbours. The rebellions were quickly suppressed, but the British government was rattled and commissioned a report by Lord Durham to... More
Canada – Development of Provinces 1867
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Canada – Development of Provinces 1867
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The British North America Act of 1867 ended the brief experiment with the Province of Canada, separating its territory between Quebec and Ontario. These new provinces were then joined with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to form the Canadian Confederation (Newfoundland became self-governing in 1855, and would not join Canada... More
Catholic Empires of the Americas c. 1650
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Catholic Empires of the Americas c. 1650
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The colonization of the new world began with Christopher Columbus’ discovery of Hispaniola in 1492. The Spanish began building an empire in the Caribbean, and conquistadores soon followed, penetrating deep into Central and South America, and south-western North America, and conquering the great indigenous civilisations of Aztec Mexico (1519–21) and... More
Central Africa 1884–94
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Central Africa 1884–94
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The Berlin Conference (1884–85) fired the starting gun for the ‘Scramble for Africa’. Britain was the most ubiquitous, with Cecil Rhodes (‘I would annex planets if I could’) carrying out a concerted land grab from the south, while a network of British protectorates in the north stretched from Egypt to... More
Colonial Frontiers 1700–60
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Colonial Frontiers 1700–60
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The colonial frontier is the name given to the line of European settlements in North America. The disputed territories were principally between the French and English, as the English expanded westwards, beyond the Appalachian Mountains. By 1700, the French had established settlements in New France, northwest Québec, the Great Lakes... More